Example Calculation
How much electricity can be generated from one kilogram of coal in a typical coal-fired electricity plant?
Convert energy from Joules to kWh
make a list of assumptions and units
draw on board to support exercise
how much electricity if 100% efficient?
how much if 30% efficient?
Using one kg of coal
How much energy (in J) is the coal?
How much electricity in kWh can we generate assuming 35% efficiency?
How much carbon in the coal
Do calculation on spreadsheet?
energy density × efficiency × conversion factor = electricity per kg coal \textrm{energy density}
\times
\textrm{efficiency}
\times
\textrm{conversion factor}
=
\textrm{electricity per kg coal} energy density × efficiency × conversion factor = electricity per kg coal 30 MJ coal kg coal × 0.35 J elec 1 J coal × 1 kWh elec 3.6 MJ elec = 2.9 kWh elec kg coal \frac{30\ \textrm{MJ coal}}
{\textrm{kg coal}}
\times
\frac{0.35\ \textrm{J elec}}
{1\ \textrm{J coal}}
\times
\frac{1\ \textrm{kWh elec}}
{3.6\ \textrm{MJ elec}}
=
\frac{2.9\ \textrm{kWh elec}}
{\textrm{kg coal}} kg coal 30 MJ coal × 1 J coal 0.35 J elec × 3.6 MJ elec 1 kWh elec = kg coal 2.9 kWh elec other questions
Carbon dioxide emitted from 1kg of coal
Additional mortality based on pollution from 1 kg of coal
Estimating the Health Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants Receiving International Financing, Environmental Defense Fund ENSP 330, Lecture 1, Introduction and Overview
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Our energy system has delivered enormous benefits.
However, it is destabilizing our climate
It has not reached everyone
The combination of knowledge and skills you gain in this class will
create a foundation for a lifetime of informed discussion and
influence in the space of energy.
Quantitative Estimation Skills
You will leave this class with the ability to quantitatively evaluate
new ideas for feasibility
We will develop analytical tools and techniques for energy estimation
A model is an approximation that allows us to think about the world
All models are wrong, some are useful
How do we separate facts from opinions?
Critical thinking skills
How do you gain information about a topic?
How do evaluate the quality of that information?
How do you assess the quality of an argument?
Research skills
How do you discover more about a topic?
How do you synthesize this information to answer a question?
How do you find the right question to ask?
What do you want to get out of this class?
How do you hope to use what you learn here in your career?
What are you most curious about in the field of energy?
What are you most concerned about in the field of energy?
ENSP 330, Lecture 2, History of Energy
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Academic calendar: Internship deadlines Sept 3, Sept 15
Learning Objectives
You will be able to define energy
You will relate energy concepts to common human activities
You will accurately identify energy conversions
You will connect technology advances with energy concepts
Guiding Questions
How do we define and measure energy?
How do we harness energy to improve our lives?
How has energy guided human society?
Brainstorm list of transformative energy technologies on paper with a
partner
Turn the list in at the end of class for credit.
Energy in Antiquity
Biological Energy Conversion
Plants convert radiant energy into chemical energy
Humans convert chemical energy into human activity
Food Gathering Techniques
Stored chemical energy in wood to heat
Amplifying human power and energy
Hunting Machines
Bow and arrow
energy is stored in bow and release quickly
Spear and Lever
Lever allows hunter to impart more kinetic energy to the spear
than with the arm alone
Guns
Chemical energy converted to kinetic energy in bullet
Human Thermoregulation
Our superior ability to remove heat energy from our bodies allows us
to outrun prey animals
Beyond Human Power
Allowed humans to cultivate more land, but required more land for food
Water wheels
converts kinetic and potential energy in water to rotational
motion
estimated 500,000 waterwheels in Europe
Windmills
converts kinetic energy in the wind to rotational motion
estimated 200,000 windmills at peak in Europe
estimated 600,000 windmill waterpumps at peak in 1930 in United States
Sailing
Allowed long distance travel
Energy in the Fossil Fuel Era
Invented by James Watt in approximately 1770
Converts of chemical energy to heat to motion
Created shift in manufacturing technology
Internal Combustion Engine
Inventions in the 1800s lead to first automobile patent by Karl Benz
in 1886
Electrification
Coal is used as the fuel for electricity generation
Mass converted to thermal energy
1950s see the first nuclear power plants
"I'd put my money on solar energy...I hope we don't have to wait till oil and coal run out before we tackle that." Thomas Edison
Photoelectric effect discovered in 1916 by Millikan
1950s solar photovoltaic cells used on satellites
Today, widespread use in private and commercial generation
40 years to get to 50 GW of PV capacity
50 GW again in the last 2.5 years
Future Energy Technologies?
What technical and financial innovations will allow for more low
carbon energy solutions?
ENSP 330, Lecture 3, Energy Units and Estimations
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Scientific Notation
Allows us to compactly write very large or very small numbers
A very large number
$6.02 \times 10^{23}$ (1/mole)
$10^{3} = 10 \times 10 \times 10$
A very small number
$6.67 \times 10^{-11} (m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2})$
$10^{-2} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10}$
$10^{-3} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10 \times 10}$
Standard Multiplier Prefixes
Scale of energy quantities
Estimate the yearly use of gasoline in the US
How many gallons do you consume?
How many persons in the US?
ENSP 330, Lecture 4, Energy and Power
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
ENSP 330, Lecture 5, Thermodynamics
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
ENSP 330, Lecture 6, Carbon (Critters to Combustion)
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Guiding Questions
How does carbon cycle through our energy system and planet?
Learning Objectives
You will learn how plants turn sunlight to chemical energy
You will learn how this chemical energy is cycled through the food
chain
You will learn how this chemical energy powers our bodies and our
energy system
Energy content of foods
Mechanization of tilling, harvest
Refrigeration and storage
Life Cycle Analysis
Life Cycle Analysis
The consideration of the costs and benefits of a technology considering the entire lifetime of the object.
This includes the creation, use, and destruction or recycling of the object.
Tesla advertising claims zero emissions
What emissions are associated with a pure electric car?
Let's brainstorm a list
Electric plant fossil fuel emissions
Embedded carbon in car manufacturing
Further questions
How are these emissions different from a gasoline car?
What emissions are associated with bicycling?
Brainstorm list:
Increase respiratory carbon dioxide
Embedded carbon in the bicycle
Embedded carbon in increased calorie intake
Further questions
Is this more efficient than driving or public transit?
Are there other benefit to cycling?
Life Cycle Cost
$$ \textrm{Cost ($/unit of use)} = \frac{\textrm{Initial cost} + \textrm{Recurring cost}} {\textrm{Amount of use}} $$
Life cycle metrics
Life Cycle Cost
What metric are we likely to want?
What metric are we likely to want?
Cost per person-mile driven
Carbon dioxide emitted per mile driven
Carbon dioxide emitted per person-mile driven
Power plants avoided per light bulb sold
Calculation of light bulb costs
ENSP 330, Lecture 9
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 16 Sep 2014
ENSP 330, Lecture 10, Nuclear Power
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 18 Sep 2014
Project outline description posted
Learning Objectives
You will understand basic physics of nuclear power
You will understand the basic environmental and health implications of nuclear power
You will evaluate arguments for or against nuclear power
Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy
Wind energy is the conversion of solar radiation to kinetic energy
A mass $m$ traveling at a speed $v$ has a kinetic energy
1 2 m v 2 \frac{1}{2} m v^2 2 1 m v 2
Note the units k g ⋅ m e t e r 2 s e c 2 = 1 J o u l e \frac {kg \cdot meter^2}{sec^2} = 1\ Joule se c 2 k g ⋅ m e t e r 2 = 1 J o u l e
P o w e r = 1 2 ρ A v 3 Power = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3 P o w er = 2 1 ρ A v 3
$\rho$ density of air (kg per cubic meter)
$A$ swept area of wind turbine (square meters)
$v$ velocity of the air (meters per second)
How much does the air weigh?
About 1.2 kg per cubic meter
Wind speed variation with height
This is turbulence caused by the ground, trees, or buildings
Hotter air is less dense
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
Density (kg per cubic meter)
Efficiency limit
Can you extract all the kinetic energy from the wind?
Efficiency limit
Where do we want to put turbines?
P = 1 2 ρ A v 3 P = \frac{1}{2}\rho A v^3 P = 2 1 ρ A v 3
Based on this formula, what are good locations?
Away from the turbulent air on the ground
In areas with good air density
Similarities and differences
What similarities does wind share with other generation?
Wind power in the world
We have been harnessing wind since ancient times
Wind world wide
200 GW of capacity installed world-wide
Turbines are moving toward larger sizes (1 MW)
Vestas, Turbine Manufacturerarrow-up-right
European Wind mills
American wind mills
Turbine Construction
Turbine Construction
Turbine Generator
Turbine Generator
Turbine Generator
Turbine Maintenance
Offshore wind farm
Custom microturbine
Custom microturbine
Wind turbine electronics
Wind turbine electronics
Wind turbine electronics
Wind turbine electronics
Environmental impacts
Carbon emissions only during manufacture and installation
No significant water impact
Wildlife impacts
Birds and bats can strike the blades and be killed
How can we reduce deaths?
ENSP 330, Lecture 13, Solar
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 30 Sep 2014
Learning Objectives
Physics and environmental impacts of solar energy
Understand differences between types of solar energy
Open Energy Information website
Transparent cost database
Learning curve continues to lower costs
Primary and Secondary energy
We are moving from sources of energy to uses of energy
Which of these are used to create secondary energy?
Secondary Energy
Electricity is an energy carrier
Electricity is different than other energy carriers
Indistinguishable
Once you put power on a grid, you cannot trace its path
Immediate
Electricity is very difficult to store
Moving electricity is inefficient
There is a complex system that distributes our electricity from the point of production to the point of consumption
Frequency control
This supply and demand must be balanced perfectly at all times or the frequency will change.
Environmental Impact of Electricity
In US, one-third of carbon emissions are from electricity
A large fraction of fresh water withdrawals are for power cooling
Pollutants from burning create toxic by-products
Carbon intensity of electricity
The amount of carbon emitted per unit of electrical energy changes depending on the state.
World Generation
Thermal Electric Efficiency
The second law of thermodynamics tells us that much of the chemical energy of fuel is lost as heat.
Quality of energy
Electric energy is very high quality
Electric conversion is inefficient
It is best used for high quality tasks
Are we better off burning natural gas to heat our homes or burning it
at a plant, converting to electricity, and then heating with
electricity?
World Electricity Prices
World Oil Price
Oil prices have fluctuated by a factor of 4-5 over the last decade.
U.S Electricity Price
Electricity prices have only fluctuated by about 25% over the last decade.
What do we use electricity for?
Global electricity
Approximately 20% of population has no access to electricity
African Proposed Grid
United States Grid
Do we build more plants to meet demand?
Can we use efficiency to avoid demand?
Distributed generation
Can we create more generation without adding transmission?
Can we make the electricity where we need it?
Capacity Factor
Related to the fraction of time that a plant produces electricity
Coal and nuclear, about 80% or higher
What fraction of carbon emissions?
Electricity is responsible for 33% of United States carbon dioxide
emissions
Rational Middle Video
Rational Middle Electricity Videoarrow-up-right
ENSP 330, Lecture 15, Heat
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 07 Oct 2014
German Energiewende Event
Years of Living Dangerously
Learning Objectives
Physics of heating and cooling
Learn how we heat and cool our homes and buildings
Home Heat Transfer
Like a cup of coffee, your warm house loses heat to the environment
Our furnaces and bodies add heat
We cool our home but heat leaks in from outside
Heating, Cooling, Ventilation
These devices consume energy to heat and cool our buildings
Different climates have different demands
energy used = leakiness of house * temperature difference / efficiency
of heaters
Sources of heat
Q = m C Δ T Q = m C \Delta T Q = m C Δ T
Also called sensible heat
The energy to heat a material is the product of the mass, the heat capacity, and the change in temperature
Calorie and BTU
This is how we define the calorie and the BTU
A calorie (4.2 J) of energy raises one gram of water by one degree celsius
A BTU (1055 J) raises one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit
Rational Middle
Rational Middle Squeezing The Wattarrow-up-right
Energy Services
Conservation and Efficiency
Conservation is consuming less of a service
Efficiency is getting more of the service for less
ENSP 330, Lecture 16, Transportation
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 09 Oct 2014
Midterm Thursday 16 Oct 2014
Review Tuesday 14 Oct 2014
Learning Objectives
Physics of transportation
Understand current system of transportation
Consider future improvements
Transportation reading
Guiding question
How do we get what we want (mobility, interaction) with less cost and
environmental impact?
Energy and Power
Why do cars consume energy?
What are the energy conversions?
Energy of car use
Kinetic energy of the passenger
Kinetic energy of the car
Mechanical friction (tires, bearings)
Air friction and displacement
How much does transportation contribute to climate change?
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
Different gasses capture different amounts of heat
For example methane traps much more than carbon dioxide
Just like our energy units, we can use an equivalent amount CO~2~eq
Warming contribution (CO~2~eq) by gas
Warming contribution (CO~2~eq) by sector
Oil use is for Transportation
Transportation is the largest consumer of petroleum
Energy consumption
Efficacy (kWh/100 person km)
Source: MacKay
Rational Middle Video
Getting to Goarrow-up-right
Percent of Oil Consumption by Vehicle Type
Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Source: Wikipedia/NHTSA
Brainstorm session
How do we reduce transportation emissions?
What impacts are reduced?
What impacts stay the same?
What impacts are reduced?
What impacts stay the same?
What impacts are reduced?
What impacts stay the same?
ENSP 330, Lecture 17
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 14 Oct 2014
Sustainability Day Passports
Wednesday night films for credit
Learning Objectives
First hour cheat sheet only
Closed internet (personal cloud storage excepted)
Transportation reading
SFpark Real time parking prices
Social justice and equity concerns
ENSP 330, Lecture 18, Midterm
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 16 Oct 2014
ENSP 330, Lecture 19, Transitions
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 21 Oct 2014
Model UN class Professor Boaz
Wednesday night films for credit
Sustainability Day Passport
Upcoming Assignments
Tue 21 Oct 2014, Project: Outline 2
Thu 23 Oct 2014, Homework: HW1M
Thu 23 Oct 2014, Reading: Pacala and Socolow Wedges
Tue 28 Oct 2014, Homework: HW2M
Tue 28 Oct 2014, Reading: HK-09 Global Warming and Thermal Pollution
SSU Energy Facts
SSU uses 16.5 million kWh electricity per year (Barron, 2013)
SSU pays from 0.115 to 0.135 USD per kWh
SSU uses 800,000 therms of natural gas per year
SSU pays 0.85 USD per therm
PV solar arrays on campus Salazar 96 kWpeak, Rec Center 57 kWpeak, 3 kWpeak ETC (Jenks, 2013)
SSU has 230,000 kWh per year solar production on campus
Guiding Questions
What transitions do we want to create in our energy system?
Why is a transition necessary?
What are the goals of this transition?
What are the tools we have to create it?
What constraints to we have?
ENSP 330, Lecture 20, Transitions
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 23 Oct 2014
Sustainability Day (metrics, breadth vs depth)
Learning Objectives
Understand the potential for existing technologies to solve energy
problems
Levels vs rates of emissions
Flow is the bathtub faucet (and drain)
Stocks is the level of the bathtub water
Bathtub model of carbon flows
Bathtub model of carbon stocks
Carbon dioxide stabilization
Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art Carbon Emissions Trajectories
Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1A Simplified Trajectories
Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1B Carbon concentration (ppm)
We hope to remain under 500 ppm to avoid serious disruption.
7 billion tons of carbon per year
What is Business as Usual (BAU)?
Prediction by using historical rates
1.5% annual emissions growth
A wedge is a technology that reduces emissions by 1 GtC/year within 50 years.
What are the units of area of a wedge?
How do we calculate if a wedge is feasible?
We can create a sample wedge from the conversion of all coal plants to
natural gas
How do we calculate the reduction in emissions from this change?
ENSP 330, Lecture 21, Energy and Climate
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 28 Oct 2014
I'm looking for teaching assistant for ENSP 200
Upcoming Deadlines
Learning Objectives
Understand mechanisms and consequences of climate change
Climate science questions
Is human activity responsible?
What will the future impacts be?
Climate Change Mechanism
Radiation Balance
The earth absorbs the sun's radiation at visible wavelengths
The earth radiates radiation at longer wavelengths
Blackbody Spectra
Increases in the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are observable
Carbon is attributed to fossil fuels through radiocarbon measurements
CO~2~ Variation
Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art Hockey stick graph
Global temperature
World Meteorological Organization "Complete" Temperature Record
Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art Historical Temperature Data
How do we know the ancient temperatures?
We can measure the effects of temperatures through proxy measurements
How does current climate compare to past climate?
Is our warming unusual or related to natural variation?
What if it has been this warm before without anthropogenic CO2?
Sea Level Measurements
Observed surface temperature changes
Sea Level Projections
Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art Vulnerable Areas of US
Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art Climate Change Consequences
Climate change effects
Mean temperature change of a few degrees
Small changes in mean temperature (1-2 C) don't describe increased
extremes
Distributions suggest much more warm weather
When we shift the average temperature we also shift the extremes
Cold extremes become less likely
Hot extremes become more likely
We can think of a weather pattern as a given die
Climate change loads the die and changes the likelihood of
different results for each roll of the die
A shift in the average temperature increases the likelihood of very
hot weather
Summer temperature anomalies
How will we respond?
Even though risk is uncertain, we protect ourselves.
What will the future impacts be?
Predictions based on computer climate models
Confidence in models is increasing
What can we do?
Actions that seek to reduce carbon emissions and avoid climate change
Actions that seek to minimize the affects of climate change
Benefits and costs
To pursue a plan, the benefits should outweigh the costs
GEOG 352 Climate Change and Society
GEOG 372 Global Climate Change
ECON 381 Natural Resource and Environmental Economics
Economics of Climate Change Experimental Class?
ENSP 330, Lecture 22, Energy and Water
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 30 Oct 2014
Example project on Moodle
Learning Objectives
Energy and cooling water resources
Fixed and growth mindsets
Energy and water
Too many intersections to cover today
Spills: Oil spills, coal ash spills, chemical spills
Cooling: Water is needed to cool our power plants
Pumping: Energy is needed to move our water
Energy and Water: Spills
Elk River Spill
Elk River Spill
Coal processing chemical leaks into river and contaminates water
supply
300,000 Charleston area residents without water January 2014
Kingston Ash Spill
Kingston Fossil Plant
1 billion gallons of coal ash slurry released in December 2008
300 acres of land covered by ash
These coal ash ponds exist around many coal plants
Can you create monitoring systems and laws that better protect our
water and land from spills?
Can we use coal ash for a useful purpose like concrete?
Can we reduce our use of coal?
Energy and Water: Cooling
Energy and Water - Cooling
Power plants rely on water for cooling
41% of the freshwater we withdraw is used for power plants
Some plants take cold water from rivers and return warmer water to the
river, disrupting wildlife
When this is too warm, we must shut down plants
Hot weather shuts down power plants
Energy and Water: Pumping
Energy and Water - Pumping
20% of California electricity use for water-related use
32% of natural gas used for water-related use
What intersections and solutions exist?
ENSP 330, Lecture 23, Energy and Agriculture
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 04 Nov 2014
Reading assigment Thursday
Project feedback due Thursday
Learning Objectives
Understand links between energy, climate, and agriculture
Agricultural emissions from land use
Soil contains twice as much carbon as the atmosphere
Forest clearing practices
Agricultural Water Use
Water pumping is energy intensive
Agriculture uses 80% of California water
In Gujarat, India, falling water tables have led to electricity demand
that are greater than crop values
Food Transportation
Food often travels long distances creating carbon emissions
However, transport is only about 20% of food related carbon emissions
Food refrigeration
Cold storage and lighting and stores is also a significant energy use
Energy used to manufacture and apply fertilizer
Fertilizer runoff disrupts ecosystems
Dead zone in Gulf of Mexico is most famous
First generation based on edible sugars, starches, or oils
Second generation based on inedible cellulose (wood, straw)
Third generation based on algae growth
Issues of competition between energy needs and nutritional needs
Ethanol has affected corn prices
Lots of issues between renewable fuel standards and food prices
Uses compost to enhance carbon sequestration in the soil
Has demonstration farms in Marin
Currently evaluating the efficacy of carbon storage in soil
Natural Capitalism
Wind driven silo drying and cooling
LED lighting for chickens
High efficiency greenhouses
What are the avenues for improvement?
Are there hard and soft paths for agriculture?
External inputs of energy and nutrients
Natural inputs from sun and rain
What metrics can we create to improve our food production system?
ENSP 330, Lecture 24, Energy and Human Health
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 06 Nov 2014
Added link to lecture slides
First draft feedback due tonight
Learning Objectives
Understand pollution effects on human health
Climate effects on human health
The majority of world energy is created by burning carbon
Burning carbon creates carbon dioxide, particulates, and other
pollutants
Particulate effects
Small size allows penetration deep in lungs
Causes asthma, bronchitis
PM10 particles between 2.5 and 10 microns in diameter
PM2.5 particles less than 2.5 microns
Biomass cooking
2 in 5 persons rely on biomass for cooking
Biomass cooking exposes women and children to smoke
Biomass burning in developing world
Possible solutions
Clean cookstoves are engineered to burn more cleanly
Changing to natural gas or biogas would avoid particulate
Flame-based lighting
Kerosene Lamp Pelengana, Mali Premature deaths from smoke and disease
Coal particulates
Burning coal creates particulate
Mining coal also exposes humans to dangerous particulates
Prolonged exposure to coal dust causes scarring of lung tissue
After a period of decreased incidence of black lung, we are back to
high levels of diagnosis
Black lung can be prevented through dust control technologies
Black lung evidence suppression
Investigations have revealed a pattern of withholding evidence in
black lung cases
Heat wave deaths
CDC reports that heat waves are the leading cause of weather-related
deaths
Currently about 660 people die each year from heat waves
A warming climate will mean more heat waves and higher death rates
Estimates range from 2x to 10x increases
NAACP coal blooded
Report surveyed almost 400 coal plants and graded them based on
human health impacts and social justice
What was your reaction to the reading?
What actions do you believe we should take?
Did anyone look at the full report for more detail?
ENSP 330, Lecture 25, Local Energy Policy
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 13 Nov 2014
Registration appointments next week
Learning Objectives
Describe policy options at the campus, county, and state level
ENSP 330, Lecture 26, Global Energy Policy
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 18 Nov 2014
Brown Bag talk today 12 noon Stevenson 2011 on my research
Learning Objectives
Understand global climate negotiations
Carbon dioxide emissions responsible for global warming
We can calculate the remaining carbon we can burn while avoiding a
given temperature rise
Remaining carbon budget
To stay below a given climate target, we can only emit a given amount
of CO~2~
How do we allocate the remaining carbon emissions among countries?
What constraints to these emissions place on economic growth?
ENSP 330, Lecture 27, Global Access to Energy
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 20 Nov 2014
Sign up for presentation times
Clean Commute Internship due tomorrow
ENSP 201 Geof Syphers Sonoma Clean Power
Learning Objectives
Exposure to issues of global energy access
We can buy this much electricity for about 15 cents
In other parts of the world, you cannot
The Earth at Night
Energy Access is not universal
20% of the world population lives without electricity
40% of without modern cooking fuels
Our electricity system is fragile
Big opportunities
These people spend billions of dollars on substitutes for electricity
Better technologies could be sold profitably while lowering costs to consumers
Electrification means connection to the internet
Current solutions
Studying by lantern
Traveling to areas with power
Connections to disasters
Scrabble, Hurricane Sandy Edition Fuel based lighting disadvantages
Fuel-based lighting is expensive
Danger of fire, poisoning, or smoke inhalation
Cell phone charging
Consumers travel miles to charge cell phones
Cell phone charging costs much more than the value of the electricity
Cell phones kept off to save battery for necessary calls
Travel to cell phone business
Travel with batteries
Do we pursue centralized or distributed?
Not all distributed solutions are desirable
Biomass disadvantages
Hours of time and effort spend gathering wood and biomass
Women sometimes face risk of violence while gathering wood
Traditional cooking creates smoke
Smoke kills more than Malaria
Possible Improvements
d.Light, greenlight planet
American ventures using solar technology to bring clean affordable light in areas
without energy access
Solar home systems
Solar can be used at any scale
Solar home system training
Solar home system training
One million solar systems, one billion to go
Grameen Shakti Cumulative Solar Home Sales Darfur Stoves Project
Started at Berkeley to reduce wood use and the dangers to women from
looking for wood.
Modern Biomass Cookstoves
Electrify Africa Act
US Legislation to provide investment in Energy Access for Africa.
Controversy exists over the inclusion of fossil fuels in the
investments.
David Roberts, How can we get power to the poor without frying the planet?
Article discussion
What are the benefits of increased energy access
To the developing countries?
What level of energy access should we strive for?
What do these kWh per capita numbers include? Personal, industry?
ENSP 330, Lecture 28, Presentations
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 25 Nov 2014
Grades available please check them
ENSP 330, Lecture 29, Presentations
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Tuesday, 02 Dec 2014
Any contentious thanksgiving conversations?
SETE response rate at 27%
Final exam on Tuesday, Dec. 9th 11am - 12:50 pm
Next class review and wrapup
ENSP 330, Lecture 30, Wrapup and Review
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Thursday, 04 Dec 2014
Planning commissioner meeting needs volunteers
Rocky looking for ENSP 430 TA
ENSP 305L Computer Aided Communications has openings
Please fill out SETE online
Front and back cheat sheet for first hour
In groups ask each other questions and solve problems based on notes,
slides, quizzes, and problem set
Solve a problem from each of the broad topics we have covered
Kelsey is holding a review session on Monday 1pm RCH 25
Keystone XL Coverage
Keystone XLarrow-up-right
Can you do better?
What questions would you ask these senators?
Do you demand evidence for everything you are told?
What changes can you make?
Learning Objectives
Student Learning Objectives
Energy is a physical quantity
Ability to use energy units and perform conversions
Energy conversion
Understand and identify economic and environmental impacts of each
stage of energy production
Understand energy process raw materials, refining, distribution,
conversion
Understand basic combustion chemistry
Understand first law and second law efficiencies
Ability to estimate first law and second law efficiencies
Understand laws of thermodynamics
Energy generation
Understand basics of thermal energy generation
Energy primary and secondary sources
Understand basic principles of energy generation technologies
including thermal, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal
Understand the barriers preventing energy access from reaching
everyone
Energy consumption
Understand the ways which humans consume energy
Develop intuition about the relative consumption of activities
Understand the role of energy efficiency to lower energy use
Identify primary drivers and mechanisms of climate change
Understand the role of carbon dioxide, methane, and black carbon in
the climate
Estimate the carbon contribution of human activities using combustion
chemistry
Energy intersections
Able to identify ways that energy interacts with our water, climate,
and agricultural systems as well as human health
Identify technical and social barriers to low carbon energy systems
Able to evaluate proposed improvements to our energy system
Familiarity with legislative efforts to address our energy system
Topics and concepts
Introduction and Overview
History of energy
Ancient energy technologies (windmills, sailboats)
Energy Units and Estimations
Energy and Power
Energy units (joules, BTU, etc)
Carbon (Critters and Combustion)
Life Cycle Energy and Cost Analysis
Energy and Economics
Carbon intensity of electricity
Transmission and distribution
Heat and Buildings
Energy Efficiency
Calculation of energy saved vs business as usual
Energy and Climate
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas gases
Energy and Water
Water for power plant cooling
Energy and Agriculture
Energy in the food system
Energy and Human Health
National Energy Policy
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Global Energy Policy
Global Access to Energy
Lack of clean cooking fuels
Lecture 01, Introduction
ENSP 330, Lecture 1, Introduction and Overview
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
25 Aug 2015
Your learning goals
Form groups of two or three and discuss the following
Why are you taking this class?
What do you hope to get from this class?
The syllabus has a link on Moodle
The syllabus changes during every semester
I will announce any updates to the syllabus
Instructor Expectations
I will be on time and prepared for every class
I will give assignments that develop your skills
I will make my grading guidelines clear
I will respond to email within 48 working hours
Student Expectations
I expect you attend class consistently
I expect you to respect your classmates
I expect you to give your full focus during class
I expect you to fully participate in class activities
Your learning goals
What do you already know about energy?
What do you want to learn?
What skills do you already have?
What skills do you want to develop?
What questions do you hope to answer with this class?
Lecture 02, History of Energy
ENSP 330, Lecture 2, History of Energy
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
27 Aug 2015
Learning Objectives
Understand energy as an organizing principle in human history
How many have email configured on their phone?
Garden positions available
Hinrichs and Kleinback Chapter 1 reading
Brainstorm a list in your notes of important or transformative energy
technologies on paper with your group
Energy in Antiquity
For much of human history, we used renewable sources of energy
Biological Energy Conversion
Plants convert radiant energy into chemical energy
Humans convert chemical energy into human activity
Food Gathering Techniques
Which of these is our current energy system most like?
Stored chemical energy in wood to heat
Amplifying human power and energy
Hunting Machines
Bow and arrow
energy is stored in bow and released quickly
Spear and Lever
Lever allows hunter to impart more kinetic energy to the spear
than with the arm alone
Guns
Chemical energy converted to kinetic energy in bullet
Human Thermoregulation
Our superior ability to remove heat energy from our bodies allows us
to outrun prey animals
Allowed humans to cultivate more land, but required more land for food
Water wheels
converts kinetic and potential energy in water to rotational
motion
estimated 500,000 waterwheels in Europe
Windmills
converts kinetic energy in the wind to rotational motion
estimated 200,000 windmills at peak in Europe
estimated 600,000 windmill waterpumps at peak in 1930 in United States
Sailing
Allowed long distance travel
Ancient Windmill
American Pumping Windmill
Modern Electric Windmill
Energy in the Fossil Fuel Era
The modern era is marked by the enormous productivity gains provided
by fossil fuel energy
We can purchase the equivalent of one person's labor for a day for about 10 cents
Invented by James Watt in approximately 1770
Converts of chemical energy to heat to motion
Created shift in manufacturing technology
Internal Combustion Engine
Inventions in the 1800s lead to first automobile patent by Karl Benz
in 1886
Electrification
Steam-powered, coal-fired electricity generator
Fossil fuel is still widely used for electricity generation
Choose on of these technologies and discuss
Lecture 03, Energy Units and Estimations
ENSP 330, Lecture 3, Energy Units and Estimations
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
01 Sept 2015
Sept 2nd 4pm department office internship deadline
Sept 3rd 2pm Garden internship position
Sept 8th Add/Drop deadline
Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30
Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North
Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Learning Objectives
Review energy units and scientific notation
You will learn to use quantitative tools to express energy
Show the scale of energy quantities from the human scale to our
global scale
Use scientific notation to perform estimates
Perform unit conversions in class for practice
Guiding Questions
How do we express very large and very small numbers?
How can we make estimates with very little information?
Scientific Notation
Allows us to compactly write very large or very small numbers
A very large number
$6.02 \times 10^{23}$ (1/mole)
$10^{3} = 10 \times 10 \times 10$
A very small number
$6.67 \times 10^{-11} (m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2})$
$10^{-2} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10}$
$10^{-3} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10 \times 10}$
Standard Multiplier Prefixes
Scale of energy quantities
Joule
SI Unit. One Newton-Meter.
Kilowatt-Hour
Energy consumed by 1 kW load over one hour
Calorie
Energy to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius
Kilo-calorie
One thousand calories. Used in food energy content.
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Energy to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit
Quad
One quadrillion ($10^{15}$) BTU
Unit Conversions
We may wish to compare energy units that are not consistent
Often you can look up conversions in a table
Other times you may need to recreate the conversion
Unit Conversion Examples
Back of the Envelope Calculations
Construct a model of appropriate complexity
Gather estimates of necessary quantities
Estimate the yearly use of gasoline in the US
How many gallons do you consume?
How many persons in the US?
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
01 Sept 2015
Learning Objectives
Discover tools with more capability than calculators
Know where to obtain these tools
Sept 3rd 2pm Garden internship position
Sept 8th Add/Drop deadline
Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30
Sept 10th Noon I'm speaking in ENSP 201
Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North
Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Existing Knowledge
Where have you learned how to use a calculator?
Have you learned how to use a spreadsheet?
Required Software
Does the class agree to spend $5 to buy Calca?
Would everyone be able to have access to this tool?
Basic computations
Most mathematical software uses the following symbols for basic arithmetic.
To perform basic calculations with numbers, we can type numbers into the computer and use the symbols above to perform the calculation.
To make the details of a computation more clear, we can use readable names for our numbers and then use the names in the calculation. Most mathematical software use this simple syntax.
This makes the intention of the calculation more clear to the reader.
A custom function can be created and used. The syntax for this often varies but the idea is usually the same.
Scientific Notation
6 ⋅ 10 3 6 \cdot 10^3 6 ⋅ 1 0 3 6E3.
Computation of physical quantities often relies on the human to define and use a consistent set of units of measurement. There are tools that allow us to add physical quantities to our calculations, but they are not as rich as I could like them to be. One good practice is to explicitly include the unit name in the variable name.
Some programs can treat quantities with units. Calca allows you to do this.
Linear functions have the same absolute increase for equal time
Exponential Growth and Decay
Exponential functions have same relative increase for equal time
What number do we multiply by itself N times to get another number?
If a population on 1 million people is growing at 5% each year, how large will the population be in
Lecture 05, Energy Physics Fundamentals
ENSP 330, Lecture 05, Energy Physics Fundamentals
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Sept 2015
Homework Sign In
If you have your homework ready, check your name on the list
Learning Objectives
Able to estimate energy quantities
Able to move from a question to a mathematical estimation
Able to use energy formulas accurately
Sept 8th Today Add/Drop deadline
Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30 50 walk up tickets
Sept 10th Noon I'm speaking in ENSP 201
Sept 10th Schulz Info Center 15th Birthday 4pm-6pm
Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North
Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Students for Sustainability
Basic Energy Concepts
lecture on efficiency, energy conversion
Types of Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
HK-03 Conservation of Energy
Energy conversion
Conversion of energy is the key to making it useful
Joule
SI Unit. One Newton-Meter.
Kilowatt-Hour
Energy consumed by 1 kW load over one hour
Calorie
Energy to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius
Kilo-calorie
One thousand calories. Used in food energy content.
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Energy to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit
Quad
One quadrillion ($10^{15}$) BTU
Scale of energy quantities
What is energy?
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work
Energy can be thought of as an accounting device
Energy is never destroyed or lost, only converted
word coined by Aristotle meaning work within
Distance is a useful analogy
Power is how quickly we are able to consume or convert energy
Measure in energy per unit time
The rate at which energy is delivered.
Speed is a useful analogy
Whenever we convert energy, we are not able to convert all of it
A measure of how well a resource is converted
Defined as useful energy out divided by total energy in
η = E o E i \eta = \frac{E_o}{E_i} η = E i E o
Example Efficiencies
Electrical generators (70--99%)
Electric motors (50--90%)
Fossil fuel power plant (30--40%)
Nuclear power plant (30--35%)
Automobile engine (20--30%)
Multiplication of efficiencies
When we want to know the efficiency of a process with many steps, we
multiply the efficiencies at each step to get the total.
η t o t a l = η 1 ⋅ η 2 ⋅ η 3 ⋯ \eta_{total} = \eta_1 \cdot \eta_2 \cdot \eta_3 \cdots η t o t a l = η 1 ⋅ η 2 ⋅ η 3 ⋯
Lecture 06, Energy Physics Fundamentals
ENSP 330, Lecture 06, Energy Physics Fundamentals
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Sept 2015
Learning Objectives
Make estimates of energy quantities
Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30 50 walk up tickets
Sept 10th Noon I'm speaking in ENSP 201
Sept 10th Schulz Info Center 15th Birthday 4pm-6pm
Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North
Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester
Sept 19th DREAMer Conference
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Thu Sep 10
Hinrichs and Kleinbach Chapter 4 Heat and Work
Tue Sep 15
IPCC Energy Primer reading
Please hand in homework in three separate pages
Thu Sep 17
Hinrichs and Kleinbach Chapter 8 Air Pollution
End use: what the energy is used for at the instant of consumption
Primary energy: what is the original consumption in terms of
energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
P E = m g h PE = mgh PE = m g h
PE: potential energy in Joules
g: gravitational acceleration (9.8 meters per second squared)
h: height above "ground" in meters
Note that a Joule has units of a kilogram meter^2 per second^2.
How much energy does it take to put your car on the roof?
K E = 1 2 m v 2 KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 K E = 2 1 m v 2
KE: kinetic energy in joules
Kinetic Energy Example
How much kinetic energy does your body contain when you are traveling at 60 miles per hour?
What is the average primary energy use per year per person for the world?
Make a note of your sources
create mathematical model
find and cite sources of data
Lecture 07 Carbon (Critters and Combustion)
ENSP 330, Lecture 07, Carbon (Critters and Combustion)
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Sept 2015
Learning Objectives
Able to reason from basic chemistry and physics of combustion
Understand solar energy contributions to processes on earth
Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester
Sept 19th DREAMer Conference
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Solar energy conversion and climate
Major sources of energy on Earth
Internal radioactive decay
Solar radiation
Conversion of mass energy to radiation
Converts hydrogen to helium
Solar radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum
Blackbody Spectrum
Approximately 1000 watts per square meter on the surface of the earth
at peak
170 watts per square meter average insolation
Solar Spectrumarrow-up-right
Solar Energy Budget
Solar Energy Budget (nasa.gov)arrow-up-right
Solar radiation
Solar radiation drives many processes on Earth
Simplified Photosynthesis and combustion
Photosynthesis
CO~2~ + H~2~O + Sunlight (Radiation Energy) $\to$ C~X~H~Y~O~Z~ + O~2~
Combustion
C~X~H~Y~ + O~2~ $\to$ CO~2~ + H~2~O + Heat Energy
Real combustion
The atmosphere is not purely oxygen, it also has nitrogen and other
elements
Fossil fuels are not pure carbon and hydrogen, they contain impurities
like sulfur and mercury
When all these chemicals participate in combustion, they produce
sulfur oxides (SO~X~), nitrous oxides (NO~X~), and other chemicals
These chemicals are the cause of acid rain and other environmental
effects
Convert radiation energy to chemical energy
Create biofuel for all organisms
Efficiency of plants
How efficiently do plants convert sunlight into biomass (chemical
energy)?
Typical crops measure around a few percent
Secondary, Tertiary Consumers
Biomass Pyramidarrow-up-right
How much sunlight energy goes into each kilogram of beef?
What is the chemical energy?
Energy content of foods
Energy content of fuels
Mechanization of tilling, harvest
Refrigeration and storage
Lecture 08 Thermodynamics
ENSP 330, Lecture 08, Thermodynamics
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Sept 2015
Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester
Sept 19th DREAMer Conference
Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Learning Objectives
Understand the limits of energy conversion efficiency according to the
second law of thermodynamics
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin Scale
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Measure of the internal energy in a system or material
This energy is the motion, vibration, or rotation of atoms and
molecules
Temperature Scales
Heat is the flow of this energy from one area to another
Mathematical models
Simplifications of reality that still have excellent predictive power
Heat engines convert thermal energy to mechanical kinetic energy
This conversion can never be 100 percent efficient
Coal power plant turbines
Internal combustion engines
The heat engine is a mathematical model
Takes the heat (flow) between two thermal reservoirs and converts some of
that heat to work
Heat can come from combustion or natural sources of heat
A heat engine is more efficient when it uses a wider temperature range
between the hot and cold sides
Thermodynamic limit to heat engine
Carnot derived the upper limit of efficiency for a heat engine
η = 1 − T C T H \eta = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H} η = 1 − T H T C
This law dictates the maximum possible efficiency for power plants
Some of the heat must be released into the environment
Carnot Heat Engine
The most efficient heat engine possible uses a Carnot cycle
Heat is used to expand a gas and do work and heat is removed during
the compression of the gas.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Real world example: Coffee gets cold, ice cream melts
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
"You can't get something for nothing"
First Law Efficiency
Most commonly used measure of efficiency
Useful energy out divided by total energy in
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The amount of entropy (disorder) in a closed system always increases
Heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold
Lecture 09 Energy and Economics
ENSP 330, Lecture 09, Energy and Economics
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Sept 2015
Sept 29, Oct 1st PG&E free solar webinars
Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A
Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search
Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Learning Objectives
Understand economic drivers of energy consumption
What is the energy efficiency of a society?
Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons
Coase, The Problem of Social Cost
Economic carbon intensity
Economic energy intensity
GDP Definitions
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The sum of all economic value added by residents and companies
Value is the value of outputs minus the value of inputs
Per capita GDP (GDP per person)
Per capita energy use (Joules per person)
Energy intensity (Joules per GDP)
A system that allows for multiple parties to participate in exchange
We have several energy markets
An item that can be substituted without regard for where or how it was created
Energy examples: Coal, oil, and gasoline
Market Response Model
Predicts that scarcity raises prices resulting in decreased demand or increased supply
Improved techniques can lower prices and increase supply
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing is an example
Supply and Demand
Supply and Demand
A cost or benefit borne by everyone from one person's decision
Externalities can be most efficiently controlled by agreements between parties
Assumes:
Limits of Markets
For all their power and vitality, markets are only tools. They make a good servant but a bad master and a worse religion. - Amory Lovins, Natural Capitalism
How does the real world deviate from this ideal?
Transaction cost
The cost associated with making an exchange or agreement.
Lecture 10 Common Property
ENSP 330, Lecture 10, Common Property
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
24 Sept 2015
Learning Objectives
Use concepts of common property to understand energy emissions decisions
What happens to property when it isn't owned by anyone?
How do markets and economics affect the usage of commons?
Sept 29, Oct 1st PG&E free solar webinars
Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A
Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search
Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Individualism/Collectivism
Individualism emphasizes the worth of the individual over the group
Collectivism emphasizes the needs of the group over the individual
Prisoner's Dilemma
Prisoner's Dilemma
We can use the Prisoner's Dilemma to think about emissions and other externalities.
Prisoner's Dilemma
Now imagine the decisions of all companies in the world or all
citizens
Each of us can decide to do the best collective action or the best
individual action
Unfortunately, the best individual option can be a very bad collective
outcome
Individuals who gain a benefit from a system without contributing
These are the folks that choose individual benefit over group cost
Common property
A resource accessible to all members of a society and not owned privately
Can a market be used for something that no one pays for?
Are commons destined to overuse?
Prone to defection or free-riders
Make a list of things that resemble a commons
Tragedy of the Commons
This is an economic theory
Garrett Hardin article 1968
Regulation or privatization as solutions
Do you think regulation or privatization is more effective and why?
Commons Management
Counter-examples to Hardin's theory emerged
Usually possessed institutions that govern human behavior
These are called common property
How did these add institutions to a commons?
Markets and Commons Activity
in groups find examples online of climate policies and identify the
concepts from the reading that are used in the policy
Lecture 11, Fossil Fuels
ENSP 330, Lecture 11, Fossil Fuels
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Sept 2015
Project Description (5 min)
Sept 29, Oct 1st PG&E free solar webinars
Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A
Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search
Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation
Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center
David Orr, Students, Universities, and Climate Change
Geoff Syphers, getting to zero
Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, youth leadership potential in sustainability
Chris Fadeff, political action to change conversation
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Learning Objectives
You will be able to describe consequences of fossil fuel use
You will be able to list the major uses of coal, petroleum, and
natural gas
You will be able to understand some of the connections between fossil
fuel use and human activities
Carbon, photosynthesis, and combustion
Fossil fuels are the product of millions of years of photosynthesis
stored and processed under heat and pressure
Most fuel is found in rocks from about 50-450 million years ago
Types of Fossil Fuels
Impacts of a Global Fossil Fuel Network
Fossil fuels are being extracted, processed, and used all over the
world
Who bears the burden of the consequences?
Who benefits from their use?
Where are these consequences located?
Origin of Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuel Molecules
Simplified Photosynthesis and combustion
Photosynthesis
CO~2~ + H~2~O + Sunlight (Radiation Energy) $\to$ C~X~H~Y~O~Z~ + O~2~
Combustion
C~X~H~Y~ + O~2~ $\to$ CO~2~ + H~2~O + Heat Energy
Carbon Intensity
$$ \textrm{Carbon Intensity} = \frac {\textrm{Mass of Carbon Dioxide Emitted}} {\textrm{Electrical Energy Generated}}
Carbon Intensity
$$ \textrm{Fuel Density} = \frac {\textrm{Chemical energy contained in material}} {\textrm{Mass of material}}
Electricity Death Rates
Source: nextbigfuture.com based on WHO data
Over 430 nuclear reactors
70 reactors under construction
About 10% of world electricity production
Nuclear Electricity Production
Nuclear Installed Capacity
Capacity vs Delivered Electricity
US Nuclear Energy Production
Lifetime cost of nuclear electricity
Cost is seen as a key weakness for nuclear electricity
Fixed operation and maintenance
Variable operation and maintenance
Lifetime cost of nuclear electricity
cost of construction 83.4 USD/MWh
fixed operation and maintenance 11.6 USD/MWh
variable operation and maintenance (fuel) 12.3 USD/MWh
compare to coal (65.7, 4.1, 29.2, 100.1)
compare to natural gas (17.4, 2.0, 45.0, 67.1)
Nuclear mining toxicity
Some evidence that uranium mining causes harm to persons living nearby
Lecture 13, Hydropower
ENSP 330, Lecture 13, Hydropower
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
06 Oct 2015
Discussion of Project Topics
Learning Objectives
Recognize basic physics of hydropower and wind
Understand environmental issues associated with hydropower and wind
We use the simplest model for the water as a mass at a height or
elevation
A mass $m$ lifted to a high $h$ has a stored gravitational potential
energy of
P E = m g h PE = mgh PE = m g h
PE is in joules if mass is in kilograms, g = 9.8 m/s^2^ and the height
is in meters
How do we convert this to a power?
e n e r g y = m g h energy = mgh e n er g y = m g h
e n e r g y t i m e = m g h t i m e \frac{energy}{time} = \frac{mgh}{time} t im e e n er g y = t im e m g h
p o w e r = m t i m e g h power = \frac{m}{time} gh p o w er = t im e m g h
p o w e r = f l o w ⋅ g h power = flow \cdot gh p o w er = f l o w ⋅ g h
To get flow in mass per time we convert from volume per time
Hydropower is significant world wide
2010 Hydropower 15.9% of world wide electricity
Coal 40.5%, Nuclear 12.8%
Largest power station in the world is hydroelectric
Largest power plant in the world
Displaced millions of people
NYC requires 10 GW of power
Three Gorges Satellitearrow-up-right
Largest hydroelectric installation in US
21 Billion kWh annual energy delivered
Hydropower similarities to fossil generation
Uses spinning generators just like combustion plant
Doesn't use heat, unlike combustion plant
Ancient Power Technology
Waterwheels have been used for centuries
Modern hydropower technology has added large scale dams
What is the effect of a dam?
How does the dam affect the overall flow of water?
Initial increase in methane emissions
Once built, very cheap power
Increased seismic activity
Hydropower similarities to fossil generation
Uses spinning generators just like combustion plant
Doesn't use heat, unlike combustion plant
Hydropower turbines
Hydropower can be produced at small scale
Small Scale Hydropower
Tides caused by the moon's gravity
Causes a daily flow of water
Waves are driven by the wind (which is driven by the sun)
Uses the rise and fall of wave crests to create energy
Activity Objective
You will gain practice with energy conversions and estimations
Gasoline and car height
We want to compare the chemical energy in a gallon of gasoline to the potential energy of lifting a car?
What are the units of the energy = mgh formula if we use kilograms, g=10
m/sec, and h in meters?
Gravitational energy
If that energy were totally converted into the gravitational potential energy of the car, how high could you lift the car? A Honda Civic has a weight of about 1100 kg.
P E = m g h = 120 M J = 1100 k g ⋅ 9.8 m / s e c 2 ⋅ h PE = mgh = 120 MJ = 1100kg \cdot 9.8 m/sec^2 \cdot h PE = m g h = 120 M J = 1100 k g ⋅ 9.8 m / se c 2 ⋅ h h = 120 M J / 1100 k g / 9.8 = 11.0 k m h = 120 MJ / 1100 kg / 9.8 = 11.0 km h = 120 M J /1100 k g /9.8 = 11.0 km
Lecture 14, Wind Power
ENSP 330, Lecture 14, Wind
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
08 Oct 2015
Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Midterm next Thursday 15 Oct 2015
Review session in class Tuesday
Learning Objectives
You will understand physics and environmental basics of wind
You will know how to find out more about wind power
We have been harnessing wind since ancient times
Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy
Wind energy is the conversion of solar radiation to kinetic energy
A mass $m$ traveling at a speed $v$ has a kinetic energy
1 2 m v 2 \frac{1}{2} m v^2 2 1 m v 2
Note the units k g ⋅ m e t e r 2 s e c 2 = 1 J o u l e \frac {kg \cdot meter^2}{sec^2} = 1\ Joule se c 2 k g ⋅ m e t e r 2 = 1 J o u l e
P o w e r = 1 2 ρ A v 3 Power = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3 P o w er = 2 1 ρ A v 3
$\rho$ density of air (kg per cubic meter)
$A$ swept area of wind turbine (square meters)
$v$ velocity of the air (meters per second)
How much does the air weigh?
About 1.2 kg per cubic meter
Wind speed variation with height
This is turbulence caused by the ground, trees, or buildings
Hotter air is less dense
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
Density (kg per cubic meter)
Vestas, Turbine Manufacturerarrow-up-right
Similarities and differences
What similarities does wind share with other generation?
Spinning electromagnetic generators
Global Wind Capacity
Capacity by Country
Environmental impacts
Carbon emissions only during manufacture and installation
No significant water impact
Wildlife impacts
Birds and bats can strike the blades and be killed
How can we reduce deaths?
Custom microturbine
Custom microturbine
Wind turbine electronics
ENSP 330, Lecture 15, Midterm Review
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search
Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation
Oct 22nd Project Outlines
Learning Objectives
Determine important concepts from semester
Concepts and energy examples
Introduction and Overview arguments
Energy Units and Estimations
Carbon (Critters and Combustion)
List of concepts
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
List of concepts
Individualism and Collectivism
ENSP 330, Lecture 16, Midterm
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Lecture 17, Asking Questions
ENSP 330, Lecture 17, Asking Questions
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Determine intellectual direction for remainder of course
Sustainability Day tomorrow
Attend a talk and show how concepts in this class are related
Thursday teams and outlines for projects
Link on the main spreadsheet
Learning Objectives
Lecture 18, Asking Questions
ENSP 330, Lecture 18, Asking Questions
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Sustainability Day Wrapup
Questions for Transportation
Teams of three, turn in at end of class
Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Deadlines for summer programs and fall programs starting soon
Thu 29 Oct outline reviews
Learning Objectives
Improve your inquiry skills
Asking questions
How can you get specific and quantitative?
What two things are you comparing?
Do you have any hidden assumptions or values?
Are you clear about the costs and benefits?
Where will you find the answers?
Recommended reading
Chaffee, Thinking Critically
Browne and Keeley, Asking the Right Questions
Lecture 19, Transportation
ENSP 330, Lecture 19, Transportation
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Oct 30th ENSP application due
Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application
Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application
Summer programs looking now
Looking for TAs for next semester and year classes
ENSP 202 Quantitative Methods
ENSP 437 Passive Solar Design
preparation for ENSP 439L Computer Applications in EMD (Spring 2017)
Outline feedback due Thursday
Sign up for a project online
Learning Objective
Find information about a topic of interest
Carbon emitted per passenger mile
Conserved cost of energy
C C E = initial cost difference annual energy savings CCE = \frac{\textrm{initial cost difference}} {\textrm{annual energy savings}} CCE = annual energy savings initial cost difference
Transportation Emissions Inventory
Estimate the emissions from your travel
We will turn in on Thursday
What is the miles per gallon of a typical car?
What if there are two people in the car?
Fraction of emissions in each sector
Who is likely to publish?
Impact of Electric Cars
Impact of Autonomous Cars
Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency
How do we encourage more fuel efficient vehicles?
Lecture 20, Transportation
ENSP 330, Lecture 20, Transportation
Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University
Optional Homework Assignments
Propose a problem of comparable relevance and complexity to the
homework
If approved, you may submit for grading and receive a homework point
Learning Objectives
Create rough estimates of carbon emissions
Transportation Inventory
How many miles per year do you travel by each mode of transport?
What is the carbon intensity per mile for each of your modes?
What is the total carbon emitted per year for all your transport?
How does that compare to the current global average?
How does that compare to where we need to get to?
What do you want to learn about?
Lecture 21, Agriculture
PSYCH 494 1 unit 10 counseling sessions
Dec 1st California Rare Fruit Growers $1K scholarship
Nov 18th Noon Carson 14, Association of Environmental Professionals
Club Meeting
First draft due this Thursday night
Transportation carbon inventories
What is your yearly carbon dioxide emissions associated with food?
How will you make this estimate?
Where is energy consumed in our food system?
Lecture 22, Agriculture
follow up on agriculture calcs
Lecture 22, Agriculture
Nov 18th Noon Carson 14, Association of Environmental Professionals
Club Meeting
Project First Drafts by midnight tonight
Project Session
Lecture 23, Buildings
Energy in the News
Rational Middle
http://rationalmiddle.com/movie/squeezing-the-watt-conservation-and-efficiency/arrow-up-right
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhINy7Myak8arrow-up-right
Building Energy
What improvements to energy use for campus buildings
Lecture 24, Buildings
Lecture 24, Buildings
Dec 1st California Rare Fruit Growers $1K scholarship
Shahzeen Attari position on human behavior and resource use
First draft feedback tonight
Energy Inventory
Add up the energy you use in your house and calculate the carbon
output over a year
1 kWh is a 1 kW device used for 1 hour
Energy equals power times time
Lecture 25, Conserved Cost of Energy
Energy in the news
Syrian conflict and climate change
ISIS and airstrikes to attack petroleum income
Reports of petroleum theft in the US
Central question
How much does something cost per unit of use?
What does your car cost per mile?
What does your phone cost per minute of use?
Central question
Which is cheaper, buying a more efficient product or paying the extra
energy?
How does this answer change if we add a carbon tax?
Cost of conserved energy
How much does it cost to save energy?
You can purchase a device that "buys" you that energy
Conserved Cost of Energy
Has dimensions of cost per unit of energy
$$ CCE = \frac{\textrm{Investment}}{\textrm{Energy Savings}}
$$
Conserved Cost of Energy
For long term investments, we do this for a year at a time
$$ CCE = \frac{\textrm{Annual Investment}}{\textrm{Annual Energy Savings}}
$$
Cost of avoided carbon
Allows you to calculate the value of an investment as the cost per
amount of carbon not emitted
Allows comparison with the current market price of carbon
$$ CCE = \frac{\textrm{Investment}}{\textrm{Carbon Savings}}
$$
Avoided electricity
Lifetime Energy
Most energy devices (lights, cars) have both recurring energy costs
and initial energy costs
Recurring energy: electricity to emit light or gasoline to drive
Initial energy: energy to manufacture the bulb or the car
Levelized energy use
We can estimate the energy per unit of light or mile driven by
Adding energy over the life of the device
Dividing the energy by the amount of use over the device
Dimensions of energy per unit of use (hours light, miles driven)
Lecture 26, Thu 19 Nov 2015, Project Session
EPA adding on-road emissions testing
Presentations Dec 3rd and Dec 8th
Project updates
Please summarize your projects
What information do you still need to gather?
How can we help you gather it?
Would the incorporation of levelized costs techniques help your
project?
Lecture 27, Global Energy Policy
We will then discuss some questions
Carbon concentration in the atmosphere
Bathtub model of carbon flows
Bathtub model of carbon stocks
Carbon dioxide stabilization
Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art Carbon Emissions Trajectories
Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1A Simplified Trajectories
Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1B Carbon concentration (ppm)
We hope to remain under 500 ppm to avoid serious disruption.
7 billion tons of carbon per year
What is Business as Usual (BAU)?
Prediction by using historical rates
1.5% annual emissions growth
A wedge is a technology that reduces emissions by 1 GtC/year within 50 years.
What are the units of area of a wedge?
How do we calculate if a wedge is feasible?
We can create a sample wedge from the conversion of all coal plants to
natural gas
How do we calculate the reduction in emissions from this change?
Pacala and Socolow
Authors demonstrate solving climate problem with existing technologies
Hoping to settle debate on whether current technologies are sufficient
This is clearly stated in the introduction
Pacala and Socolow
What carbon level do the authors want us to stay under?
Describe a wedge in your own words
Which of the wedges suggested is most appealing to you and why?
This paper is ten years old now, are there any new wedges we could
add?
Levels vs rates of emissions
Flow is the bathtub faucet (and drain)
Stocks is the level of the bathtub water
Remaining carbon budget
To stay below a given climate target, we can only emit a given amount
of CO~2~
How do we allocate the remaining carbon emissions among countries?
What constraints to these emissions place on economic growth?
Rio Earth Summit, 1992
Negotiated the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Kyoto Protocol, 1997
Adopted at the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP 3)
China and India not required to cut
US did not ratify the treaty
Burden of emissions reductions placed on developed countries
Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, 2009
15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15)
Viewed as a disappointment by many
21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21)
Goal of limiting average temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius
above preindustrial levels
Montreal Protocol, 1987
International agreement to reduce Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other
ozone damaging chemicals
Provides an example of a world wide emissions reduction treaty
Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32)
Reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020
1990 was 427 million metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent
California 2050 goal
80% reduction below 1990 levels
How do we achieve this goals?
What can we do on a county or state level?
Lecture 28, Global Energy Access, 1 Dec 2015
Signups for presentations
Student Evaluations of Teaching Effectiveness (SETE) are out
Learning objectives
Exposure to energy access issues around the world
Energy Access is not universal
20% of the world population lives without electricity
40% of without modern cooking fuels
Big opportunities
These people spend billions of dollars on substitutes for electricity
Better technologies could be sold profitably while lowering costs to consumers
Electrification means connection to the internet
It's Hard Out Here for a Polar Bear Studying by lantern
Traveling to areas with power
Connections to disasters
Fuel based lighting disadvantages
Fuel-based lighting is expensive
Danger of fire, poisoning, or smoke inhalation
Cell phone charging
Consumers travel miles to charge cell phones
Cell phone charging costs much more than the value of the electricity
Cell phones kept off to save battery for necessary calls
Biomass disadvantages
Hours of time and effort spend gathering wood and biomass
Women sometimes face risk of violence while gathering wood
Traditional cooking creates smoke
Smoke kills more than Malaria
Travel to cell phone business
Travel with batteries
Solar home systems
Solar home system training
Solar home system training
These programs are successful but need to go further
These programs are successful but need to go further
Modern Biomass Cookstoves
d.Light, greenlight planet
American ventures using solar technology to bring clean affordable light in areas
without energy access
Darfur Stoves Project
Started at Berkeley to reduce wood use and the dangers to women from
looking for wood.
Modern Biomass Cookstoves
Company moving Israeli innovation in solar and irrigation into African markets
Electrify Africa Act
US Legislation to provide investment in Energy Access for Africa.
Controversy exists over the inclusion of fossil fuels in the
investments.
What is the best way to bring energy while preserving human and environmental health?
How do we know how much energy people will need?
Discussions and issues
Balancing climate and access
Autonomy and self-direction in poor areas
Representations of poverty
Charity or business opportunity?
Lecture 29, Presentations 3 Dec 2015
Lecture 30, Presentations, 8 Dec 2015
Be sure and bring power adapters to final
Lecture 31, Review, 10 Dec 2015
Be sure and bring power adapters to final
Tuesday, 15 Dec 2015, 11 am - 12:50 pm
Lifetime energy literacy and engagement in substantive policy debates
Ability to make plausible quantitative estimations
Confidence tackling ambiguous problems
Transitioning to a sustainable energy system is the defining challenge
of our time
To do this we must be fearless in the pursuit of experiments and
evidence
Self-Evaluation
What did you learn by doing the projects?
Self-Evaluation
What are you able to do now that you weren't at the beginning of the
semester?
Self-Evaluation
What will you remember five years from now?
Self-Evaluation
What behaviors were most and least beneficial for your learning?
Self-Evaluation
What do you think is the most important thing you learned in this class?
Calculation and Scientific Notation
Carbon, Combustion, Photosynthesis
Global Energy Policy and Access
