Unused Notes

Example Calculation

Activity

How much electricity can be generated from one kilogram of coal in a typical coal-fired electricity plant?

Strategy

• Find energy in Joules

• Convert energy from Joules to kWh

• Correct for efficiency

• make a list of assumptions and units

• draw on board to support exercise

• anthracite coal 30 MJ/kg

• 3.6 MJ/kWh

• how much electricity if 100% efficient?

• how much if 30% efficient?

• Using one kg of coal

  • How much energy (in J) is the coal?

  • How much electricity in kWh can we generate assuming 35% efficiency?

• How much carbon in the coal

• Do calculation on spreadsheet?

$$\textrm{energy density} \times \textrm{efficiency} \times \textrm{conversion factor} = \textrm{electricity per kg coal}$$

$$\frac{30\ \textrm{MJ coal}} {\textrm{kg coal}} \times \frac{0.35\ \textrm{J elec}} {1\ \textrm{J coal}} \times \frac{1\ \textrm{kWh elec}} {3.6\ \textrm{MJ elec}} = \frac{2.9\ \textrm{kWh elec}} {\textrm{kg coal}}$$

other questions

• Carbon dioxide emitted from 1kg of coal

• Additional mortality based on pollution from 1 kg of coal

Formula for increased mortality from coal pollution

Estimating the Health Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants Receiving International Financing, Environmental Defense Fund

ENSP 330, Lecture 1, Introduction and Overview

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

19 Aug 2014

Motivation

• Our energy system has delivered enormous benefits.

• However, it is destabilizing our climate

• It has not reached everyone

Vision

• The combination of knowledge and skills you gain in this class will

  create a foundation for a lifetime of informed discussion and

  influence in the space of energy.

Quantitative Estimation Skills

• You will leave this class with the ability to quantitatively evaluate

  new ideas for feasibility

• We will develop analytical tools and techniques for energy estimation

Model thinking

• A model is an approximation that allows us to think about the world

• All models are wrong, some are useful

• How do we separate facts from opinions?

Critical thinking skills

• How do you gain information about a topic?

• How do evaluate the quality of that information?

• How do you assess the quality of an argument?

Research skills

• How do you discover more about a topic?

• How do you synthesize this information to answer a question?

• How do you find the right question to ask?

Interview

• What do you want to get out of this class?

• How do you hope to use what you learn here in your career?

• What are you most curious about in the field of energy?

• What are you most concerned about in the field of energy?

Questions

ENSP 330, Lecture 2, History of Energy

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

22 Aug 2013

Announcements

• Academic calendar: Internship deadlines Sept 3, Sept 15

• Research opportunities

Learning Objectives

• You will be able to define energy

• You will relate energy concepts to common human activities

• You will accurately identify energy conversions

• You will connect technology advances with energy concepts

Guiding Questions

• How do we define and measure energy?

• How do we harness energy to improve our lives?

• How has energy guided human society?

Activity

• Brainstorm list of transformative energy technologies on paper with a

  partner

• Turn the list in at the end of class for credit.

Energy in Antiquity

Biological Energy Conversion

• Plants convert radiant energy into chemical energy

• Humans convert chemical energy into human activity

Food Gathering Techniques

• Foraging

• Hunting

• Agriculture

• Livestock

Fire

• Stored chemical energy in wood to heat

• Allowed for tool making

• Allowed for cooking

Fire Sources

• Wood, biomass, dung

• Coal

• Coke

• Oil

• Gas

Amplifying human power and energy

• Ancient machines

  • Lever

  • Spring

Hunting Machines

• Bow and arrow

  • energy is stored in bow and release quickly

• Spear and Lever

  • Lever allows hunter to impart more kinetic energy to the spear

    than with the arm alone

• Guns

  • Chemical energy converted to kinetic energy in bullet

Human Thermoregulation

• Our superior ability to remove heat energy from our bodies allows us

  to outrun prey animals

Beyond Human Power

Livestock

• Oxen

• Horses

• Allowed humans to cultivate more land, but required more land for food

Water power

• Water wheels

  • converts kinetic and potential energy in water to rotational

    motion

  • estimated 500,000 waterwheels in Europe

Water Wheel

Syria Water Wheel

Wind power

• Windmills

  • converts kinetic energy in the wind to rotational motion

  • Dates to Ancient Greece

  • 12th century in Europe

  • estimated 200,000 windmills at peak in Europe

  • estimated 600,000 windmill waterpumps at peak in 1930 in United States

• Sailing

  • Allowed long distance travel

Windmills

Estonian Windmill

Windmills

South Dakota Wind Pump

Windmills

Oregon Wind Farm

Energy in the Fossil Fuel Era

Steam Engine

• Invented by James Watt in approximately 1770

• Converts of chemical energy to heat to motion

• Created shift in manufacturing technology

Internal Combustion Engine

• Inventions in the 1800s lead to first automobile patent by Karl Benz

  in 1886

Electrification

• Coal is used as the fuel for electricity generation

Nuclear Energy

• Mass converted to thermal energy

• 1950s see the first nuclear power plants

Solar Energy

"I'd put my money on solar energy...I hope we don't have to wait till oil and coal run out before we tackle that." Thomas Edison

Solar Energy

• Photoelectric effect discovered in 1916 by Millikan

• 1950s solar photovoltaic cells used on satellites

• Today, widespread use in private and commercial generation

Solar Adoption

• 40 years to get to 50 GW of PV capacity

• 50 GW again in the last 2.5 years

Solar Adoption

• Cumulative Solar From IEA-PVPS

  

Future Energy Technologies?

• What technical and financial innovations will allow for more low

  carbon energy solutions?

ENSP 330, Lecture 3, Energy Units and Estimations

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

27 Aug 2013

Scientific Notation

• Allows us to compactly write very large or very small numbers

A very large number

• Avogadro's Number

• $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ (1/mole)

• $10^{1}$ = 10

• $10^{2} = 10 \times 10$

• $10^{3} = 10 \times 10 \times 10$

A very small number

• Gravitational Constant

• $6.67 \times 10^{-11} (m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2})$

• $10^{-1} = \frac{1}{10}$

• $10^{-2} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10}$

• $10^{-3} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10 \times 10}$

Standard Multiplier Prefixes

Operations

• Addition

• Subtraction

• Multiplication

• Division

Scale of energy quantities

• from IPCC Energy Primer

Exercise

• Estimate the yearly use of gasoline in the US

• What is our strategy?

Exercise

• How many gallons do you consume?

• How many persons in the US?

ENSP 330, Lecture 4, Energy and Power

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

28 Aug 2014

ENSP 330, Lecture 5, Thermodynamics

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

02 Sep 2014

ENSP 330, Lecture 6, Carbon (Critters to Combustion)

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

04 Sept 2014

Guiding Questions

• How does carbon cycle through our energy system and planet?

Learning Objectives

• You will learn how plants turn sunlight to chemical energy

• You will learn how this chemical energy is cycled through the food

  chain

• You will learn how this chemical energy powers our bodies and our

  energy system

Energy content of foods

• Carbohydrates 17 MJ/kg

• Protein 23 MJ/kg

• Lipids 39 MJ/kg

Energy inputs to food production

• Mechanization of tilling, harvest

• Transportation of food

• Processing

• Refrigeration and storage

Life Cycle Analysis

Life Cycle Analysis

The consideration of the costs and benefits of a technology considering the entire lifetime of the object.

This includes the creation, use, and destruction or recycling of the object.

Tesla advertising claims zero emissions

Tesla Marketing

What emissions are associated with a pure electric car?

• Let's brainstorm a list

  • Electric plant fossil fuel emissions

  • Embedded carbon in car manufacturing

• Further questions

  • How are these emissions different from a gasoline car?

Bicycle Marketing

What emissions are associated with bicycling?

• Brainstorm list:

  • Increase respiratory carbon dioxide

  • Embedded carbon in the bicycle

  • Embedded carbon in increased calorie intake

• Further questions

  • Is this more efficient than driving or public transit?

  • Are there other benefit to cycling?

Life Cycle Cost

$$ \textrm{Cost ($/unit of use)} = \frac{\textrm{Initial cost} + \textrm{Recurring cost}} {\textrm{Amount of use}} $$

Life cycle metrics

• Cost per use

• Carbon per use

• Pollution per use

• Health impact per use

Life Cycle Cost

• Automobile

• Light bulb

Automobile

• What metric are we likely to want?

Light bulb

• What metric are we likely to want?

Automobile

• Cost per mile driven

• Cost per person-mile driven

• Carbon dioxide emitted per mile driven

• Carbon dioxide emitted per person-mile driven

Light bulb

• Cost per hour

• Cost per unit of light

• Power plants avoided per light bulb sold

Activity

• Calculation of light bulb costs

ENSP 330, Lecture 9

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 16 Sep 2014

ENSP 330, Lecture 10, Nuclear Power

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 18 Sep 2014

Announcements

• Quiz next week

• Project outline description posted

Learning Objectives

• You will understand basic physics of nuclear power

• You will understand the basic environmental and health implications of nuclear power

• You will evaluate arguments for or against nuclear power

Review

• Energy basics

• Economics basics

• Fossil Fuels

Energy Basics

Wind Energy

• Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy

• Wind energy is the conversion of solar radiation to kinetic energy

Kinetic Energy

A mass $m$ traveling at a speed $v$ has a kinetic energy

$\frac{1}{2} m v^2$

Note the units $\frac {kg \cdot meter^2}{sec^2} = 1\ Joule$

Fan Law

Fan Law

$Power = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3$

• $\rho$ density of air (kg per cubic meter)

• $A$ swept area of wind turbine (square meters)

• $v$ velocity of the air (meters per second)

• Power is in watts

Air density

• How much does the air weigh?

• About 1.2 kg per cubic meter

• Varies with altitude

• Varies with temperature

Wind speed variation with height

• Boundary layer friction

• This is turbulence caused by the ground, trees, or buildings

Air density

Hotter air is less dense

Temperature (degrees Celsius)	Density (kg per cubic meter)
0	1.29
15	1.23
30	1.17

Efficiency limit

• Can you extract all the kinetic energy from the wind?

Efficiency limit

Where do we want to put turbines?

$P = \frac{1}{2}\rho A v^3$

• Based on this formula, what are good locations?

• Away from the turbulent air on the ground

• Around steady winds

• In areas with good air density

Similarities and differences

• What similarities does wind share with other generation?

Wind power in the world

History

• We have been harnessing wind since ancient times

• Sailboats

• Windmills

• American West

• Modern wind turbines

Wind world wide

• 200 GW of capacity installed world-wide

• Turbines are moving toward larger sizes (1 MW)

Vestas Website

Vestas, Turbine Manufacturer

European Wind mills

American wind mills

Three blade

Large Turbines

Turbine Construction

Turbine Construction

Turbine Generator

Turbine Generator

Turbine Generator

Turbine Maintenance

Altamont Pass

Offshore wind farm

Microwind

Small turbines

Small turbines

Custom microturbine

Custom microturbine

Wind turbine electronics

Wind turbine electronics

Wind turbine electronics

Wind turbine electronics

Environmental impacts

• What are the impacts?

• Carbon emissions only during manufacture and installation

• No significant water impact

• Visual impacts?

Wildlife impacts

• Birds and bats can strike the blades and be killed

• How can we reduce deaths?

ENSP 330, Lecture 13, Solar

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 30 Sep 2014

Announcements

Learning Objectives

• Physics and environmental impacts of solar energy

• Understand differences between types of solar energy

Review

Levelized cost

• Open Energy Information website

• Transparent cost database

• http://en.openei.org/apps/TCDB/

• Learning curve continues to lower costs

Review

• Primary and Secondary energy

• We are moving from sources of energy to uses of energy

Primary Energy

• Coal

• Oil

• Natural gas

• Sunlight

• Hydropower

• Wind power

• Which of these are used to create secondary energy?

Secondary Energy

• Electricity is an energy carrier

• Gasoline

Electricity is different than other energy carriers

• Invisible

• Indistinguishable

  • Once you put power on a grid, you cannot trace its path

• Immediate

  • Electricity is very difficult to store

  • Moving electricity is inefficient

Grid

There is a complex system that distributes our electricity from the point of production to the point of consumption

Frequency control

This supply and demand must be balanced perfectly at all times or the frequency will change.

Environmental Impact of Electricity

• In US, one-third of carbon emissions are from electricity

• A large fraction of fresh water withdrawals are for power cooling

• Pollutants from burning create toxic by-products

Carbon intensity of electricity

The amount of carbon emitted per unit of electrical energy changes depending on the state.

World Generation

Thermal Electric Efficiency

The second law of thermodynamics tells us that much of the chemical energy of fuel is lost as heat.

Quality of energy

• Electric energy is very high quality

• Electric conversion is inefficient

• It is best used for high quality tasks

• Are we better off burning natural gas to heat our homes or burning it

  at a plant, converting to electricity, and then heating with

  electricity?

World Electricity Prices

World Oil Price

Oil prices have fluctuated by a factor of 4-5 over the last decade.

U.S Electricity Price

Electricity prices have only fluctuated by about 25% over the last decade.

What do we use electricity for?

• In American homes:

• Air conditioning 22%

• Lighting 14%

• Water Heating 9%

• Refrigeration 9%

• Space heating 9%

• Electronics 7%

• Computers 4%

• Cooking 2%

Global electricity

• Approximately 20% of population has no access to electricity

African Proposed Grid

United States Grid

Demand

Efficiency

• Do we build more plants to meet demand?

• Can we use efficiency to avoid demand?

Distributed generation

• Can we create more generation without adding transmission?

• Can we make the electricity where we need it?

Capacity Factor

• Related to the fraction of time that a plant produces electricity

• Coal and nuclear, about 80% or higher

• Renewables, about 20%

What fraction of carbon emissions?

• Electricity is responsible for 33% of United States carbon dioxide

  emissions

Rational Middle Video

Rational Middle Electricity Video

ENSP 330, Lecture 15, Heat

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 07 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Outline feedback due

• German Energiewende Event

• Climate Corps

• Years of Living Dangerously

• Points totals

Quiz Review

Learning Objectives

• Physics of heating and cooling

• Learn how we heat and cool our homes and buildings

Heat transfer

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Home Heat Transfer

• Like a cup of coffee, your warm house loses heat to the environment

• Our furnaces and bodies add heat

Home cooling

• We cool our home but heat leaks in from outside

Conduction

• Insulation

Convection

• Weatherstripping

• Passive ventilation

Radiation

• White roofs

• Advanced window coatings

• Passive solar heating

Heating, Cooling, Ventilation

These devices consume energy to heat and cool our buildings

• Combustion

• Heat pumps

• Fans

Different climates have different demands

• Cold winters

• Humid summers

Heating energy

• energy used = leakiness of house * temperature difference / efficiency

  of heaters

Sources of heat

• Combustion

• Sun

• Human metabolism

• Environment

Heat capacity

$Q = m C \Delta T$

Also called sensible heat

The energy to heat a material is the product of the mass, the heat capacity, and the change in temperature

Calorie and BTU

This is how we define the calorie and the BTU

A calorie (4.2 J) of energy raises one gram of water by one degree celsius

A BTU (1055 J) raises one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit

Rational Middle

Rational Middle Squeezing The Watt

Energy Services

• Heating

• Refrigeration

• Transportation

Conservation and Efficiency

• Conservation is consuming less of a service

• Efficiency is getting more of the service for less

ENSP 330, Lecture 16, Transportation

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 09 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Midterm Thursday 16 Oct 2014

• Review Tuesday 14 Oct 2014

Learning Objectives

• Physics of transportation

• Understand current system of transportation

• Consider future improvements

Transportation reading

• Natural Capitalism Chapter 2

Guiding question

• How do we get what we want (mobility, interaction) with less cost and

  environmental impact?

Energy and Power

• Why do cars consume energy?

• What are the energy conversions?

Energy of car use

• Kinetic energy of the passenger

• Kinetic energy of the car

• Braking friction

• Mechanical friction (tires, bearings)

• Air friction and displacement

Context

• How much does transportation contribute to climate change?

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

• Different gasses capture different amounts of heat

• For example methane traps much more than carbon dioxide

• Just like our energy units, we can use an equivalent amount CO~2~eq

Warming contribution (CO~2~eq) by gas

Warming contribution (CO~2~eq) by sector

Oil use is for Transportation

• Transportation is the largest consumer of petroleum

Energy consumption

Transport	Efficacy (kWh/100 person km)
Car	68
Bus	19
Rail	6
Air	51
Sea	57
Bicycle	2.4

Source: MacKay

Rational Middle Video

Getting to Go

Percent of Oil Consumption by Vehicle Type

Rational Middle

CAFE Standards

• Corporate Average Fuel Economy

Year	Passenger Car Milage
1978	18.0
1990	27.5
2010	27.5
2014	28/36
2020	36/49
2025	46/60

Source: Wikipedia/NHTSA

Brainstorm session

• How do we reduce transportation emissions?

Electric cars

• What impacts are reduced?

• What impacts stay the same?

Mass Transit

• What impacts are reduced?

• What impacts stay the same?

Telecommuting

• What impacts are reduced?

• What impacts stay the same?

ENSP 330, Lecture 17

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 14 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Sustainability Day Passports

• Water Resources Institute

• Wednesday night films for credit

• Anyone watch Disruption?

Learning Objectives

• Review Semester

• Prepare for midterm

Midterm

• First hour cheat sheet only

• Second hour open notes

• Closed internet (personal cloud storage excepted)

Transportation reading

• SFpark Real time parking prices

• London congestion charge

• Social justice and equity concerns

Conference

• We Care Solar

• Battery rental programs

Review

ENSP 330, Lecture 18, Midterm

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 16 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Midterm today

ENSP 330, Lecture 19, Transitions

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 21 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Model UN class Professor Boaz

• Water Resources Institute

• Wednesday night films for credit

• Anyone watch Disruption?

• Sustainability Day

• Sustainability Day Passport

Upcoming Assignments

• Tue 21 Oct 2014, Project: Outline 2

• Thu 23 Oct 2014, Homework: HW1M

• Thu 23 Oct 2014, Reading: Pacala and Socolow Wedges

• Tue 28 Oct 2014, Homework: HW2M

• Tue 28 Oct 2014, Reading: HK-09 Global Warming and Thermal Pollution

SSU Energy Facts

• SSU uses 16.5 million kWh electricity per year (Barron, 2013)

• SSU pays from 0.115 to 0.135 USD per kWh

• SSU uses 800,000 therms of natural gas per year

• SSU pays 0.85 USD per therm

• PV solar arrays on campus Salazar 96 kWpeak, Rec Center 57 kWpeak, 3 kWpeak ETC (Jenks, 2013)

• SSU has 230,000 kWh per year solar production on campus

Guiding Questions

• What transitions do we want to create in our energy system?

• Why is a transition necessary?

• What are the goals of this transition?

• What are the tools we have to create it?

• What constraints to we have?

ENSP 330, Lecture 20, Transitions

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 23 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Syllabus changes

• Sonoma Clean Power communications

• CPUC internships

• Sustainability Day (metrics, breadth vs depth)

Learning Objectives

• Understand the potential for existing technologies to solve energy

  problems

Levels vs rates of emissions

• Bathtub model

• Stocks and flows

• Flow is the bathtub faucet (and drain)

• Stocks is the level of the bathtub water

Bathtub model of carbon flows

CMI Princeton

Bathtub model of carbon stocks

CMI Princeton

Carbon dioxide stabilization

Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art

Carbon Emissions Trajectories

Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1A

Simplified Trajectories

Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1B

Carbon levels

Time period	Carbon concentration (ppm)
Preindustrial	280
2004	375
2014	400

We hope to remain under 500 ppm to avoid serious disruption.

Carbon rates

• 7 billion tons of carbon per year

• (7 GtC/year)

What is Business as Usual (BAU)?

• Prediction by using historical rates

• 1.5% annual emissions growth

Wedges

A wedge is a technology that reduces emissions by 1 GtC/year within 50 years.

What are the units of area of a wedge?

How do we calculate if a wedge is feasible?

• We can create a sample wedge from the conversion of all coal plants to

  natural gas

• How do we calculate the reduction in emissions from this change?

ENSP 330, Lecture 21, Energy and Climate

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 28 Oct 2014

Announcements

• CPUC internships

• Transportation Scholarships

• Mickey Leland Energy Fellowship

• I'm looking for teaching assistant for ENSP 200

Upcoming Deadlines

Learning Objectives

• Understand mechanisms and consequences of climate change

Climate science questions

• Is the climate changing?

• Is human activity responsible?

• What will the future impacts be?

• What can we do?

Climate Change Mechanism

Energy Balance

Radiation Balance

• The earth absorbs the sun's radiation at visible wavelengths

• The earth radiates radiation at longer wavelengths

Blackbody Spectra

Carbon dioxide

• Increases in the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are observable

• Carbon is attributed to fossil fuels through radiocarbon measurements

Keeling Curve

IPCC AR5

CO~2~ Variation

Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art

Hockey stick graph

Global temperature

World Meteorological Organization

"Complete" Temperature Record

Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art

Historical Temperature Data

• How do we know the ancient temperatures?

• We can measure the effects of temperatures through proxy measurements

Proxy data

• Ice

• Oxygen-18

• Pollen

• Volcanic ash

• Tree rings

Questions

• How does current climate compare to past climate?

• Is our warming unusual or related to natural variation?

• What if it has been this warm before without anthropogenic CO2?

Sea Level Measurements

Observed surface temperature changes

IPCC AR5

Ocean Acidity

IPCC AR5

Sea Level Projections

Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art

Vulnerable Areas of US

Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art

Future Impacts

• Extrapolation

• Linear trends

Current trends

• Temperature

• Sea level

Climate Change Consequences

Climate change effects

• Mean temperature change of a few degrees

• Sea Level rise

Climate Dice

• Small changes in mean temperature (1-2 C) don't describe increased

  extremes

• Distributions suggest much more warm weather

Distributions

• When we shift the average temperature we also shift the extremes

• Cold extremes become less likely

• Hot extremes become more likely

Climate dice

• James Hansen

• We can think of a weather pattern as a given die

• Climate change loads the die and changes the likelihood of

  different results for each roll of the die

Warm anomalies

• A shift in the average temperature increases the likelihood of very

  hot weather

Summer temperature anomalies

How will we respond?

Insurance

• Even though risk is uncertain, we protect ourselves.

• Auto insurance

• Fire insurance

What will the future impacts be?

• Predictions based on computer climate models

• Confidence in models is increasing

What can we do?

• Mitigation

• Adaptation

• (Geoengineering)

Mitigation

• Actions that seek to reduce carbon emissions and avoid climate change

Adaptation

• Actions that seek to minimize the affects of climate change

Benefits and costs

• To pursue a plan, the benefits should outweigh the costs

Learning more

• GEOG 352 Climate Change and Society

• GEOG 372 Global Climate Change

• ECON 381 Natural Resource and Environmental Economics

• Economics of Climate Change Experimental Class?

ENSP 330, Lecture 22, Energy and Water

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 30 Oct 2014

Announcements

• Example project on Moodle

• Quiz today

• Transportation Competition

Learning Objectives

• Sea level rise

• Energy and cooling water resources

Fixed and growth mindsets

• Dweck, Mindsets

• Dweck, Power of Yet

Energy and water

• Too many intersections to cover today

• Spills: Oil spills, coal ash spills, chemical spills

• Cooling: Water is needed to cool our power plants

• Pumping: Energy is needed to move our water

Energy and Water: Spills

Elk River Spill

Elk River Spill

• Coal processing chemical leaks into river and contaminates water

  supply

• 300,000 Charleston area residents without water January 2014

Kingston Ash Spill

Kingston Fossil Plant

• 1 billion gallons of coal ash slurry released in December 2008

• 300 acres of land covered by ash

• These coal ash ponds exist around many coal plants

Opportunity

• Can you create monitoring systems and laws that better protect our

  water and land from spills?

• Can we use coal ash for a useful purpose like concrete?

• Can we reduce our use of coal?

Energy and Water: Cooling

Energy and Water - Cooling

• Power plants rely on water for cooling

• 41% of the freshwater we withdraw is used for power plants

• Some plants take cold water from rivers and return warmer water to the

  river, disrupting wildlife

• When this is too warm, we must shut down plants

Hot weather shuts down power plants

Energy and Water: Pumping

Energy and Water - Pumping

• 20% of California electricity use for water-related use

• 32% of natural gas used for water-related use

Discussion

• What intersections and solutions exist?

• What barriers exist?

ENSP 330, Lecture 23, Energy and Agriculture

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 04 Nov 2014

Announcements

• Presentation Signups

• Reading assigment Thursday

• Project feedback due Thursday

Learning Objectives

• Understand links between energy, climate, and agriculture

Energy related to US Food Production

Heller and Keoleian

Agricultural emissions from land use

• Soil contains twice as much carbon as the atmosphere

• Soil carbon loss

• Forest clearing practices

Agricultural Water Use

• Water pumping is energy intensive

• Agriculture uses 80% of California water

• In Gujarat, India, falling water tables have led to electricity demand

  that are greater than crop values

Food Transportation

• Food often travels long distances creating carbon emissions

• However, transport is only about 20% of food related carbon emissions

Food refrigeration

• Cold storage and lighting and stores is also a significant energy use

Fertilizer

• Energy used to manufacture and apply fertilizer

• Fertilizer runoff disrupts ecosystems

• Dead zone in Gulf of Mexico is most famous

Biofuels

• First generation based on edible sugars, starches, or oils

• Second generation based on inedible cellulose (wood, straw)

• Third generation based on algae growth

Biofuels

• Issues of competition between energy needs and nutritional needs

• Ethanol has affected corn prices

• Lots of issues between renewable fuel standards and food prices

Innovations

• Marin Carbon Project

• Uses compost to enhance carbon sequestration in the soil

• Has demonstration farms in Marin

• Currently evaluating the efficacy of carbon storage in soil

Natural Capitalism

• Wind driven silo drying and cooling

• Solar food dryers

• LED lighting for chickens

• High efficiency greenhouses

Discussion

• What are the avenues for improvement?

• Are there hard and soft paths for agriculture?

• External inputs of energy and nutrients

• Natural inputs from sun and rain

• What metrics can we create to improve our food production system?

ENSP 330, Lecture 24, Energy and Human Health

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 06 Nov 2014

Announcements

• Added link to lecture slides

• First draft feedback due tonight

• Signup sheet

Learning Objectives

• Understand pollution effects on human health

• Climate effects on human health

Review

• The majority of world energy is created by burning carbon

• Burning carbon creates carbon dioxide, particulates, and other

  pollutants

Particulate effects

• Particulate or soot

• Small size allows penetration deep in lungs

• Causes asthma, bronchitis

• PM10 particles between 2.5 and 10 microns in diameter

• PM2.5 particles less than 2.5 microns

Particulate

EPA

Biomass cooking

• 2 in 5 persons rely on biomass for cooking

• Biomass cooking exposes women and children to smoke

Biomass burning in developing world

Possible solutions

• Clean cookstoves are engineered to burn more cleanly

• Changing to natural gas or biogas would avoid particulate

Flame-based lighting

Kerosene Lamp Pelengana, Mali

Premature deaths from smoke and disease

IEA WEO 2011

Coal particulates

• Burning coal creates particulate

• Mining coal also exposes humans to dangerous particulates

Black lung

• Pneumoconiosis

• Prolonged exposure to coal dust causes scarring of lung tissue

• After a period of decreased incidence of black lung, we are back to

  high levels of diagnosis

• Black lung can be prevented through dust control technologies

Black lung evidence suppression

• Investigations have revealed a pattern of withholding evidence in

  black lung cases

Heat wave deaths

• CDC reports that heat waves are the leading cause of weather-related

  deaths

• Currently about 660 people die each year from heat waves

• A warming climate will mean more heat waves and higher death rates

• Estimates range from 2x to 10x increases

NAACP coal blooded

• Report surveyed almost 400 coal plants and graded them based on

  human health impacts and social justice

Discussion

• What was your reaction to the reading?

• What actions do you believe we should take?

• Did anyone look at the full report for more detail?

Amory Lovins

• TED talk

• http://www.ted.com/talks/amory_lovins_a_50_year_plan_for_energy

ENSP 330, Lecture 25, Local Energy Policy

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 13 Nov 2014

Announcements

• Registration appointments next week

• Reading Assignments

Learning Objectives

• Describe policy options at the campus, county, and state level

Exercise

ENSP 330, Lecture 26, Global Energy Policy

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 18 Nov 2014

Announcements

• Research positions

• Brown Bag talk today 12 noon Stevenson 2011 on my research

Learning Objectives

• Understand global climate negotiations

Review

• Carbon dioxide emissions responsible for global warming

• We can calculate the remaining carbon we can burn while avoiding a

  given temperature rise

Remaining carbon budget

• To stay below a given climate target, we can only emit a given amount

  of CO~2~

• How do we allocate the remaining carbon emissions among countries?

• What constraints to these emissions place on economic growth?

ENSP 330, Lecture 27, Global Access to Energy

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 20 Nov 2014

Announcements

• Sign up for presentation times

• Clean Commute Internship due tomorrow

• ENSP 201 Geof Syphers Sonoma Clean Power

Learning Objectives

• Exposure to issues of global energy access

Review

Human energy

• About 1 kWh per day

• We can buy this much electricity for about 15 cents

• In other parts of the world, you cannot

The Earth at Night

NASA Image

Big problems

• Energy Access is not universal

• 20% of the world population lives without electricity

• 40% of without modern cooking fuels

Our electricity system is fragile

Manhattan after Sandy

Big opportunities

• These people spend billions of dollars on substitutes for electricity

• Better technologies could be sold profitably while lowering costs to consumers

• Electrification means connection to the internet

Current solutions

Studying by lantern

Pelengana, Mali

Traveling to areas with power

Guinea, Gates Foundation

Connections to disasters

Scrabble, Hurricane Sandy Edition

Fuel based lighting disadvantages

• Fuel-based lighting is expensive

• Danger of fire, poisoning, or smoke inhalation

• Poor quality light

Cell phone charging

• Consumers travel miles to charge cell phones

• Cell phone charging costs much more than the value of the electricity

• Cell phones kept off to save battery for necessary calls

Travel to cell phone business

Travel with batteries

Do we pursue centralized or distributed?

Not all distributed solutions are desirable

Cooking

Biomass disadvantages

• Hours of time and effort spend gathering wood and biomass

• Women sometimes face risk of violence while gathering wood

Traditional cooking creates smoke

Smoke kills more than Malaria

Possible Improvements

d.Light, greenlight planet

• American ventures using solar technology to bring clean affordable light in areas

  without energy access

Solar lantern

d.light S2 Lantern

Solar lantern

d.light S20 Lantern

Solar home systems

Fenix ReadySet, $150

Solar can be used at any scale

Solar home system training

Grameen Shakti

Solar home system training

Grameen Shakti

One million solar systems, one billion to go

Grameen Shakti Cumulative Solar Home Sales

Darfur Stoves Project

• Started at Berkeley to reduce wood use and the dangers to women from

  looking for wood.

Modern Biomass Cookstoves

Electrify Africa Act

• US Legislation to provide investment in Energy Access for Africa.

• Controversy exists over the inclusion of fossil fuels in the

  investments.

• One dot Org Article

Article

• David Roberts, How can we get power to the poor without frying the planet?

Article discussion

• What are the benefits of increased energy access

• To the developing countries?

• To the rest of us?

• What level of energy access should we strive for?

• What do these kWh per capita numbers include? Personal, industry?

ENSP 330, Lecture 28, Presentations

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 25 Nov 2014

Announcements

• Grades available please check them

• Online SETE available

ENSP 330, Lecture 29, Presentations

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Tuesday, 02 Dec 2014

Announcements

• Any contentious thanksgiving conversations?

• SETE response rate at 27%

• Final exam on Tuesday, Dec. 9th 11am - 12:50 pm

• Next class review and wrapup

ENSP 330, Lecture 30, Wrapup and Review

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Thursday, 04 Dec 2014

Announcements

• Planning commissioner meeting needs volunteers

• Rocky looking for ENSP 430 TA

• ENSP 305L Computer Aided Communications has openings

• Please fill out SETE online

Final Exam

• Front and back cheat sheet for first hour

• Open notes second hour

Study Tips

• In groups ask each other questions and solve problems based on notes,

  slides, quizzes, and problem set

• Solve a problem from each of the broad topics we have covered

• Kelsey is holding a review session on Monday 1pm RCH 25

Review

• Syllabus

• All course slides

• Course notes

• Quizzes

• Problem Sets

Keystone XL Coverage

Keystone XL

Can you do better?

• What questions would you ask these senators?

• Do you demand evidence for everything you are told?

What changes can you make?

• What tools do you have?

• Purchasing power

• Political power

Learning Objectives

Student Learning Objectives

Energy basics

• Energy is a physical quantity

• Ability to use energy units and perform conversions

Energy conversion

• Understand efficiency

• Understand and identify economic and environmental impacts of each

  stage of energy production

• Understand energy process raw materials, refining, distribution,

  conversion

• Understand basic combustion chemistry

Thermodynamics

• Understand first law and second law efficiencies

• Ability to estimate first law and second law efficiencies

• Understand laws of thermodynamics

Energy generation

• Understand basics of thermal energy generation

• Energy primary and secondary sources

• Understand basic principles of energy generation technologies

  including thermal, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal

• Understand the barriers preventing energy access from reaching

  everyone

Energy consumption

• Understand the ways which humans consume energy

• Develop intuition about the relative consumption of activities

Efficiency

• Understand the role of energy efficiency to lower energy use

Climate

• Identify primary drivers and mechanisms of climate change

• Understand the role of carbon dioxide, methane, and black carbon in

  the climate

• Estimate the carbon contribution of human activities using combustion

  chemistry

Energy intersections

• Able to identify ways that energy interacts with our water, climate,

  and agricultural systems as well as human health

Solutions

• Identify technical and social barriers to low carbon energy systems

• Able to evaluate proposed improvements to our energy system

• Familiarity with legislative efforts to address our energy system

Topics and concepts

Introduction and Overview

History of energy

• Ancient energy technologies (windmills, sailboats)

Energy Units and Estimations

• Scientific notation

• Unit conversion

Energy and Power

• Energy units (joules, BTU, etc)

• Power units (watts)

Thermodynamics

• First law

• Second law

Carbon (Critters and Combustion)

• Photosynthesis

• Combustion

Fossil Fuel

• Origin of fossil fuel

• Fossil fuel extraction

Life Cycle Energy and Cost Analysis

• Levelized cost

• Life cycle costs

Energy and Economics

• GDP

• Energy intensity

• Energy per capita

Nuclear Energy

• Principles of operation

• Fuel cycle

• Nuclear accidents

Hydropower

• Principles

• Environmental impacts

Wind

• Basic physics

• Pros and cons

Solar

• Basic physics

• Pros and cons

Electricity

• Carbon intensity of electricity

• Transmission and distribution

Heat and Buildings

• Energy sources

• Energy services

Transportation

• Gasoline use

Energy Efficiency

• Calculation of energy saved vs business as usual

Energy and Climate

• Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas gases

• Green house gas effect

Energy and Water

• Water for power plant cooling

• Water pumping

Energy and Agriculture

• Energy in the food system

• Biofuels

Energy and Human Health

• Particulate

• Heat waves

National Energy Policy

• Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

Global Energy Policy

• Climate Negotiations

• Kyoto Protocol

Global Access to Energy

• Energy poverty

• Lack of electricity

• Lack of clean cooking fuels

Lecture 01, Introduction

ENSP 330, Lecture 1, Introduction and Overview

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

25 Aug 2015

Your learning goals

• Form groups of two or three and discuss the following

• Why are you taking this class?

• What do you hope to get from this class?

Announcements

• New email accounts

• Google Drive accounts

Resources

• Moodle

• My Website

• Department Website

Syllabus

• The syllabus has a link on Moodle

• The syllabus changes during every semester

• I will announce any updates to the syllabus

Instructor Expectations

• I will be on time and prepared for every class

• I will give assignments that develop your skills

• I will respect students

• I will make my grading guidelines clear

• I will respond to email within 48 working hours

Student Expectations

• I expect you attend class consistently

• I expect you to respect your classmates

• I expect you to give your full focus during class

• I expect you to fully participate in class activities

Your learning goals

• What do you already know about energy?

• What do you want to learn?

• What skills do you already have?

• What skills do you want to develop?

• What questions do you hope to answer with this class?

Lecture 02, History of Energy

ENSP 330, Lecture 2, History of Energy

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

27 Aug 2015

Learning Objectives

• Understand energy as an organizing principle in human history

Announcements

• How many have email configured on their phone?

• Garden positions available

• DIY homework assignments

Due Today

• Mackay Chapter 1 reading

• Hinrichs and Kleinback Chapter 1 reading

Activity

• Brainstorm a list in your notes of important or transformative energy

  technologies on paper with your group

Energy in Antiquity

• For much of human history, we used renewable sources of energy

Biological Energy Conversion

• Plants convert radiant energy into chemical energy

• Humans convert chemical energy into human activity

Food Gathering Techniques

• Foraging

• Hunting

• Agriculture

• Livestock

• Which of these is our current energy system most like?

Fire

• Stored chemical energy in wood to heat

• Allowed for tool making

• Allowed for cooking

Fire Sources

• Wood, biomass, dung

• Coal

• Coke

• Oil

• Gas

Amplifying human power and energy

• Ancient machines

  • Lever

  • Spring

Hunting Machines

• Bow and arrow

  • energy is stored in bow and released quickly

• Spear and Lever

  • Lever allows hunter to impart more kinetic energy to the spear

    than with the arm alone

• Guns

  • Chemical energy converted to kinetic energy in bullet

Human Thermoregulation

• Our superior ability to remove heat energy from our bodies allows us

  to outrun prey animals

Livestock

• Oxen

• Horses

• Allowed humans to cultivate more land, but required more land for food

Water power

• Water wheels

  • converts kinetic and potential energy in water to rotational

    motion

  • estimated 500,000 waterwheels in Europe

Water Wheel

Syria Water Wheel

Wind power

• Windmills

  • converts kinetic energy in the wind to rotational motion

  • Dates to Ancient Greece

  • 12th century in Europe

  • estimated 200,000 windmills at peak in Europe

  • estimated 600,000 windmill waterpumps at peak in 1930 in United States

• Sailing

  • Allowed long distance travel

Ancient Windmill

Estonian Windmill

American Pumping Windmill

South Dakota Wind Pump

Modern Electric Windmill

Oregon Wind Farm

Energy in the Fossil Fuel Era

• The modern era is marked by the enormous productivity gains provided

  by fossil fuel energy

• We can purchase the equivalent of one person's labor for a day for about 10 cents

Steam Engine

• Invented by James Watt in approximately 1770

• Converts of chemical energy to heat to motion

• Created shift in manufacturing technology

Internal Combustion Engine

• Inventions in the 1800s lead to first automobile patent by Karl Benz

  in 1886

Electrification

• Pearl Street Station

• Steam-powered, coal-fired electricity generator

• Fossil fuel is still widely used for electricity generation

Discussion

• Choose on of these technologies and discuss

  • Positive effects

  • Negative effects

Lecture 03, Energy Units and Estimations

ENSP 330, Lecture 3, Energy Units and Estimations

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

01 Sept 2015

Announcements

• Sept 2nd 4pm department office internship deadline

• Sept 3rd 2pm Garden internship position

• Sept 8th Add/Drop deadline

• Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30

• Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North

• Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

Learning Objectives

• Review energy units and scientific notation

• You will learn to use quantitative tools to express energy

• Show the scale of energy quantities from the human scale to our

  global scale

Activities

• Use scientific notation to perform estimates

• Perform unit conversions in class for practice

Guiding Questions

• How do we express very large and very small numbers?

• How can we make estimates with very little information?

Scientific Notation

• Allows us to compactly write very large or very small numbers

A very large number

• Avogadro's Number

• $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ (1/mole)

• $10^{1}$ = 10

• $10^{2} = 10 \times 10$

• $10^{3} = 10 \times 10 \times 10$

A very small number

• Gravitational Constant

• $6.67 \times 10^{-11} (m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2})$

• $10^{-1} = \frac{1}{10}$

• $10^{-2} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10}$

• $10^{-3} = \frac{1}{10 \times 10 \times 10}$

Standard Multiplier Prefixes

Operations

• Addition

• Subtraction

• Multiplication

• Division

Scale of energy quantities

• from IPCC Energy Primer

Energy Units

• Joule

  • SI Unit. One Newton-Meter.

• Kilowatt-Hour

  • Energy consumed by 1 kW load over one hour

• Calorie

  • Energy to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius

• Kilo-calorie

  • One thousand calories. Used in food energy content.

• British Thermal Unit (BTU)

  • Energy to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit

• Quad

  • One quadrillion ($10^{15}$) BTU

Unit Conversions

• We may wish to compare energy units that are not consistent

• Often you can look up conversions in a table

• Other times you may need to recreate the conversion

Unit Conversion Examples

Back of the Envelope Calculations

• Construct a model of appropriate complexity

• Gather estimates of necessary quantities

• Calculate estimate

• Evaluate for feasibility

Exercise

• Estimate the yearly use of gasoline in the US

• What is our strategy?

Exercise

• How many gallons do you consume?

• How many persons in the US?

Lecture 04, Calculation Tools

ENSP 330, Lecture 4, Calculation Tools

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

01 Sept 2015

Learning Objectives

• Discover tools with more capability than calculators

• Know where to obtain these tools

Announcements

• Sept 3rd 2pm Garden internship position

• Sept 8th Add/Drop deadline

• Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30

• Sept 10th Noon I'm speaking in ENSP 201

• Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North

• Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

Existing Knowledge

• Where have you learned how to use a calculator?

• Have you learned how to use a spreadsheet?

Required Software

• Does the class agree to spend $5 to buy Calca?

• Would everyone be able to have access to this tool?

Basic computations

Most mathematical software uses the following symbols for basic arithmetic.

• Addition (+)

• Subtraction (-)

• Multiplication (*)

• Division (/)

• Exponentiation (^ or **)

To perform basic calculations with numbers, we can type numbers into the computer and use the symbols above to perform the calculation.

Variables

To make the details of a computation more clear, we can use readable names for our numbers and then use the names in the calculation. Most mathematical software use this simple syntax.

power = 100
time = 30
energy = power * time

This makes the intention of the calculation more clear to the reader.

Functions

A custom function can be created and used. The syntax for this often varies but the idea is usually the same.

m = 1
b = 10
f(x) = m * x + b
f(5) => 15

Scientific Notation

$6 \cdot 10^3$ is entered as 6E3.

Units

Computation of physical quantities often relies on the human to define and use a consistent set of units of measurement. There are tools that allow us to add physical quantities to our calculations, but they are not as rich as I could like them to be. One good practice is to explicitly include the unit name in the variable name.

power_watt = 100
time_sec = 30
energy_joule = power_watt * time_sec

Units

Some programs can treat quantities with units. Calca allows you to do this.

distance = 100 meter
time = 12 second
distance / time => 8.3333 meter/second

Linear Growth

• Linear functions have the same absolute increase for equal time

Exponential Growth and Decay

• Exponential functions have same relative increase for equal time

• What number do we multiply by itself N times to get another number?

Activity

If a population on 1 million people is growing at 5% each year, how large will the population be in

• 1 year?

• 2 years?

• 10 years?

Lecture 05, Energy Physics Fundamentals

ENSP 330, Lecture 05, Energy Physics Fundamentals

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Sept 2015

Homework Sign In

• If you have your homework ready, check your name on the list

Learning Objectives

• Able to estimate energy quantities

• Able to move from a question to a mathematical estimation

• Able to use energy formulas accurately

Announcements

• Sept 8th Today Add/Drop deadline

• Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30 50 walk up tickets

• Sept 10th Noon I'm speaking in ENSP 201

• Sept 10th Schulz Info Center 15th Birthday 4pm-6pm

• Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North

• Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Students for Sustainability

Basic Energy Concepts

• Energy

• Power

• Energy Conversion

• Energy Efficiency

Energy Units

• briefly review

• lecture on efficiency, energy conversion

Concepts

• Energy

• Power

• Conservation of Energy

• Energy Conversion

• Energy Efficiency

Types of Energy

• Gravitational Potential Energy

• Kinetic Energy

• Chemical Energy

• Radiant Energy

• Thermal Energy

Readings

• HK-02 Energy Mechanics

• HK-03 Conservation of Energy

• HK-04 Heat and Work

• ERG Toolkit

• IPCC Energy Primer

Basic Concepts

• Energy units

• Force

• Energy

• Work

• Power

• Unit Conversions

• Efficiency

Energy conversion

• Conversion of energy is the key to making it useful

Energy Units

• Joule

  • SI Unit. One Newton-Meter.

• Kilowatt-Hour

  • Energy consumed by 1 kW load over one hour

• Calorie

  • Energy to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius

• Kilo-calorie

  • One thousand calories. Used in food energy content.

• British Thermal Unit (BTU)

  • Energy to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit

• Quad

  • One quadrillion ($10^{15}$) BTU

Scale of energy quantities

What is energy?

• Energy is defined as the capacity to do work

• Energy can be thought of as an accounting device

• Energy is never destroyed or lost, only converted

• word coined by Aristotle meaning work within

• Energy = power * time

• Distance is a useful analogy

What is power?

• Power is how quickly we are able to consume or convert energy

• Measure in energy per unit time

• The rate at which energy is delivered.

• Speed is a useful analogy

Efficiency

• Whenever we convert energy, we are not able to convert all of it

• A measure of how well a resource is converted

• Defined as useful energy out divided by total energy in

$\eta = \frac{E_o}{E_i}$

Example Efficiencies

• Electrical generators (70--99%)

• Electric motors (50--90%)

• Gas furnace (70--95%)

• Wind turbine (35--50%)

• Fossil fuel power plant (30--40%)

• Nuclear power plant (30--35%)

• Automobile engine (20--30%)

• Solar cell (5--28%)

• Fuel cell (40--60%)

Multiplication of efficiencies

• When we want to know the efficiency of a process with many steps, we

  multiply the efficiencies at each step to get the total.

$\eta_{total} = \eta_1 \cdot \eta_2 \cdot \eta_3 \cdots$

Lecture 06, Energy Physics Fundamentals

ENSP 330, Lecture 06, Energy Physics Fundamentals

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Sept 2015

Learning Objectives

• Make estimates of energy quantities

Announcements

• Sept 9th Peter Singer poverty lecture Weill Hall 6:30 50 walk up tickets

• Sept 10th Noon I'm speaking in ENSP 201

• Sept 10th Schulz Info Center 15th Birthday 4pm-6pm

• Sept 13th NBEAA Drive Electric Day at Coddington North

• Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester

• Sept 19th DREAMer Conference

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

Due

• Thu Sep 10

  • Hinrichs and Kleinbach Chapter 4 Heat and Work

• Tue Sep 15

  • IPCC Energy Primer reading

  • HW 2.1 - 2.3

  • Please hand in homework in three separate pages

• Thu Sep 17

  • Hinrichs and Kleinbach Chapter 8 Air Pollution

Quiz Today

Energy terms

• End use: what the energy is used for at the instant of consumption

• Primary energy: what is the original consumption in terms of

  energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

$PE = mgh$

• PE: potential energy in Joules

• m: mass in kilograms

• g: gravitational acceleration (9.8 meters per second squared)

• h: height above "ground" in meters

Note that a Joule has units of a kilogram meter^2 per second^2.

Example

How much energy does it take to put your car on the roof?

mass = 1100 kg
gravity = 9.8 meter/second^2
height = 5 meter
PE = mass * gravity * height => 53,900 kg*meter^2/second^2
PE in joule => 53,900 joule

Kinetic Energy

$KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2$

• KE: kinetic energy in joules

• m: mass in kilograms

• v: velocity of object

Kinetic Energy Example

How much kinetic energy does your body contain when you are traveling at 60 miles per hour?

mass = 70 kg
velocity = 60 mile/hour in meter/second
  => 26.8224 meter/second

KE = mass * velocity^2 / 2
  => 25,180.44 kg*meter^2/second^2
KE in joule => 25,180.44 joule

Activity

• What is the average primary energy use per year per person for the world?

• Make a note of your sources

A solution

source: IEA Key World
2012 global primary energy is 13,371 Mtoe
(million of tons of oil equivalent)

global_primary_energy = 13371 MTOE * 41e15 joule/MTOE
  => 5.4821e20 joule

global_population = 7e9 person

global_primary_energy / global_population
  => 78,315,857,142.8571 joule/person

global_primary_energy / global_population * 1 GJ/1e9 joule
  => 78.3159 GJ/person

Strategies

• create mathematical model

• find and cite sources of data

• create the calculation

Lecture 07 Carbon (Critters and Combustion)

ENSP 330, Lecture 07, Carbon (Critters and Combustion)

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Sept 2015

Learning Objectives

• Able to reason from basic chemistry and physics of combustion

• Understand solar energy contributions to processes on earth

Announcements

• Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester

• Sept 19th DREAMer Conference

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

  • Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations

  • Chris Fadeff

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

Concepts

• Solar radiant energy

• Electromagnetic spectrum

• Solar energy conversion and climate

• Photosynthesis

• Combustion

Major sources of energy on Earth

• Sunlight

• Internal radioactive decay

• Gravitational Potential

• Tidal Energy

Solar radiation

• Conversion of mass energy to radiation

• Converts hydrogen to helium

Solar radiation

• [Solar

  Reaction](http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Nuclear-Reactions-in-Main-Sequence-Stars)

  

Electromagnetic spectrum

Blackbody Spectrum

Solar Energy

• Approximately 1000 watts per square meter on the surface of the earth

  at peak

• 170 watts per square meter average insolation

Solar Spectrum

Solar Spectrum

Solar Energy Budget

Solar Energy Budget (nasa.gov)

Solar radiation

• Solar radiation drives many processes on Earth

• Wind

• Waves

• Ocean Currents

• Atmospheric Currents

Simplified Photosynthesis and combustion

Photosynthesis

• CO~2~ + H~2~O + Sunlight (Radiation Energy) $\to$ C~X~H~Y~O~Z~ + O~2~

Combustion

• C~X~H~Y~ + O~2~ $\to$ CO~2~ + H~2~O + Heat Energy

Real combustion

• The atmosphere is not purely oxygen, it also has nitrogen and other

  elements

• Fossil fuels are not pure carbon and hydrogen, they contain impurities

  like sulfur and mercury

• When all these chemicals participate in combustion, they produce

  sulfur oxides (SO~X~), nitrous oxides (NO~X~), and other chemicals

• These chemicals are the cause of acid rain and other environmental

  effects

Producers

• Plants

• Algae

• Convert radiation energy to chemical energy

• Create biofuel for all organisms

Efficiency of plants

• How efficiently do plants convert sunlight into biomass (chemical

  energy)?

• Typical crops measure around a few percent

Consumers

• Primary Consumers

  • Herbivores

  • Insects

• Secondary, Tertiary Consumers

  • Carnivores

  • Omnivores

Energy pyramid

Biomass Pyramid

Livestock

• Cows are herbivores

• How much sunlight energy goes into each kilogram of beef?

• What is the chemical energy?

Energy content of foods

Material	Energy Density (MJ/kg)
Carbohydrates	17
Protein	23
Lipids	39

Energy content of fuels

Material	Energy Density (MJ/kg)
Gasoline	45
Crude oil	42--44
Natural gas	33--37
Coal	12--31
Wood	14--16
Lithium Battery	0.5

Energy inputs to food production

• Mechanization of tilling, harvest

• Transportation of food

• Processing

• Refrigeration and storage

Lecture 08 Thermodynamics

ENSP 330, Lecture 08, Thermodynamics

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Sept 2015

Announcements

• Sept 15th Grad apps for Fall semester

• Sept 19th DREAMer Conference

• Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

  • Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations

  • Chris Fadeff

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

Learning Objectives

• Understand the limits of energy conversion efficiency according to the

  second law of thermodynamics

Concepts

• Temperature

• Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin Scale

• Heat Capacity

• First Law of Thermodynamics

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy Efficiency

Temperature

• Measure of the internal energy in a system or material

• This energy is the motion, vibration, or rotation of atoms and

  molecules

Temperature Scales

Heat

• Heat is the flow of this energy from one area to another

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Mathematical models

• Simplifications of reality that still have excellent predictive power

Heat Engine

• Heat engines convert thermal energy to mechanical kinetic energy

• This conversion can never be 100 percent efficient

Heat Engine

• Coal power plant turbines

• Internal combustion engines

Heat Engines

• The heat engine is a mathematical model

• Takes the heat (flow) between two thermal reservoirs and converts some of

  that heat to work

• Heat can come from combustion or natural sources of heat

Heat Engines

• A heat engine is more efficient when it uses a wider temperature range

  between the hot and cold sides

Thermodynamic limit to heat engine

• Carnot derived the upper limit of efficiency for a heat engine

  $\eta = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H}$
• This law dictates the maximum possible efficiency for power plants

• Some of the heat must be released into the environment

Heat Engine

Quality

Quality

Carnot Heat Engine

• The most efficient heat engine possible uses a Carnot cycle

• Heat is used to expand a gas and do work and heat is removed during

  the compression of the gas.

Power plant

Power plant

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

• If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system,

  they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

• Real world example: Coffee gets cold, ice cream melts

First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy is conserved

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed

• "You can't get something for nothing"

First Law Efficiency

• Most commonly used measure of efficiency

• Useful energy out divided by total energy in

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• The amount of entropy (disorder) in a closed system always increases

• Heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold

• "You can't break even"

Lecture 09 Energy and Economics

ENSP 330, Lecture 09, Energy and Economics

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Sept 2015

Announcements

• Sept 29, Oct 1st PG&E free solar webinars

• Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A

• Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search

• Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

  • Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations

  • Chris Fadeff

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

Learning Objectives

• Understand economic drivers of energy consumption

• What is the energy efficiency of a society?

Reading

• E&S Chapter 3

• E&S Chapter 4

• Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons

• Coase, The Problem of Social Cost

Concepts

• GDP

• Supply and Demand

• Economic carbon intensity

• Economic energy intensity

• Market Response Model

Review

• Energy efficiency

GDP Definitions

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

  • The sum of all economic value added by residents and companies

  • Value is the value of outputs minus the value of inputs

• Per capita GDP (GDP per person)

• Per capita energy use (Joules per person)

• Energy intensity (Joules per GDP)

Market

• A system that allows for multiple parties to participate in exchange

• We have several energy markets

Commodity

• An item that can be substituted without regard for where or how it was created

• Energy examples: Coal, oil, and gasoline

Market Response Model

Predicts that scarcity raises prices resulting in decreased demand or increased supply

• Improved techniques can lower prices and increase supply

• Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing is an example

Supply and Demand

Supply and Demand

Externality

A cost or benefit borne by everyone from one person's decision

Coase Theorem

Externalities can be most efficiently controlled by agreements between parties

Assumes:

• No transaction costs

Limits of Markets

For all their power and vitality, markets are only tools. They make a good servant but a bad master and a worse religion. - Amory Lovins, Natural Capitalism

How does the real world deviate from this ideal?

Transaction cost

The cost associated with making an exchange or agreement.

Lecture 10 Common Property

ENSP 330, Lecture 10, Common Property

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

24 Sept 2015

Plan

• Intro (15 min)

• Quiz 3 (30 min)

• Break (10 min)

• Lecture (45 min)

Learning Objectives

• Use concepts of common property to understand energy emissions decisions

Key questions

• What happens to property when it isn't owned by anyone?

• How do markets and economics affect the usage of commons?

Concepts

• Prisoner's Dilemma

• Game Theory

• Externalities

• Commons

• Regulations

Announcements

• Sept 29, Oct 1st PG&E free solar webinars

• Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A

• Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search

• Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr keynote

  • Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, vulnerable populations

  • Chris Fadeff

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

Deadlines

Tuesday, Sep 29	Homework 2.6 - 2.7
Tuesday, Sep 29	Homework 1.1 - 1.5 retry
Thursday, Oct 15	Midterm

Individualism/Collectivism

• Individualism emphasizes the worth of the individual over the group

• Collectivism emphasizes the needs of the group over the individual

Prisoner's Dilemma

	Walter Silent	Walter Rats
Jesse Silent	Walter and Jesse	Walter free,
	do 6 months	Jesse 10 years
Jesse Rats	Jesse free,	Walter and Jesse
	Walter 10 years	10 years

Prisoner's Dilemma

We can use the Prisoner's Dilemma to think about emissions and other externalities.

	VW reduces emissions	VW cheats
BMW reduces	Emissions reduced,	BMW at competitive
emissions	no disadvantage	disadvantage
BMW cheats	VW at a competitive	Emissions increased
	disadvantage	for everyone

Prisoner's Dilemma

• Now imagine the decisions of all companies in the world or all

  citizens

• Each of us can decide to do the best collective action or the best

  individual action

• Unfortunately, the best individual option can be a very bad collective

  outcome

Free riders

• Individuals who gain a benefit from a system without contributing

• These are the folks that choose individual benefit over group cost

Common property

• A resource accessible to all members of a society and not owned privately

• Can a market be used for something that no one pays for?

• Are commons destined to overuse?

Commons

• Difficult to enclose

• Available to all

• Prone to defection or free-riders

Commons

Make a list of things that resemble a commons

Tragedy of the Commons

• This is an economic theory

• Garrett Hardin article 1968

• Regulation or privatization as solutions

Question

Do you think regulation or privatization is more effective and why?

Commons Management

• Counter-examples to Hardin's theory emerged

• Usually possessed institutions that govern human behavior

• These are called common property

• Irrigation systems

• Wildlife hunting

Regulations

• Clean Water Act

• Clean Air Act

• How did these add institutions to a commons?

Markets and Commons Activity

• in groups find examples online of climate policies and identify the

  concepts from the reading that are used in the policy

Lecture 11, Fossil Fuels

ENSP 330, Lecture 11, Fossil Fuels

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Sept 2015

Plan

• Intro (15 min)

• Project Description (5 min)

• Homework (30 min)

• Lecture (45 min)

Announcements

• Sept 29, Oct 1st PG&E free solar webinars

• Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A

• Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search

• Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation

• Oct 21st Sustainability Day at the Student Center

  • David Orr, Students, Universities, and Climate Change

  • Geoff Syphers, getting to zero

  • Lucy Gudiel-Hernandez, youth leadership potential in sustainability

  • Chris Fadeff, political action to change conversation

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

Learning Objectives

• You will be able to describe consequences of fossil fuel use

• You will be able to list the major uses of coal, petroleum, and

  natural gas

• You will be able to understand some of the connections between fossil

  fuel use and human activities

Review

• Energy basics

• Estimation techniques

• Laws of thermodynamics

• Carbon, photosynthesis, and combustion

Fossil fuels

• Fossil fuels are the product of millions of years of photosynthesis

  stored and processed under heat and pressure

• Most fuel is found in rocks from about 50-450 million years ago

Types of Fossil Fuels

• Coal

• Petroleum

• Natural Gas

Impacts of a Global Fossil Fuel Network

• Fossil fuels are being extracted, processed, and used all over the

  world

• Who bears the burden of the consequences?

• Who benefits from their use?

• Where are these consequences located?

Origin of Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuel Molecules

Simplified Photosynthesis and combustion

Photosynthesis

• CO~2~ + H~2~O + Sunlight (Radiation Energy) $\to$ C~X~H~Y~O~Z~ + O~2~

Combustion

• C~X~H~Y~ + O~2~ $\to$ CO~2~ + H~2~O + Heat Energy

Carbon Intensity

$$ \textrm{Carbon Intensity} = \frac {\textrm{Mass of Carbon Dioxide Emitted}} {\textrm{Electrical Energy Generated}}

## Carbon Intensity $$ \textrm{Carbon Intensity} = \frac {\textrm{Mass of Carbon Dioxide Emitted}} {\textrm{Vehicle Miles Driven}}

Carbon Intensity

Fuel Source	Carbon Intensity
Coal	2249 lb CO2/MWh
Natural Gas	1135 lb CO2/MWh
Proposed EPA Limit	~ 1100 lb CO2/MWh

Fuel Density

$$ \textrm{Fuel Density} = \frac {\textrm{Chemical energy contained in material}} {\textrm{Mass of material}}

## Fuel Density | Material | Energy Density (MJ/kg) | | -------- | ----- | | Gasoline | 45 | | Crude oil | 42--44 | | Natural gas | 33--37 | | Coal | 12--31 | | Wood | 14--16 | | Lithium Battery | 0.5 | ## (Last year) Petroleum prices at record highs  ## Petroleum use  ## Natural gas prices currently low  ## Natural gas use  ## Coal use  ## Primary energy use  ## Pollution effects - Carbon dioxide climate - Particulates - Acid rain ## Fossil Fuel Subsidies - exploration expensing - unpriced externalities <!-- - what is the spatial scale of these effects? --> ## Impacts of extraction methods - What are the benefits of extraction? - What are the costs of extraction? <!-- - exxon valdez 1989 prince william sound, alaska - deepwater horizon explosion 2010 - sago mine 2006 disaster --> # Lecture 12, Nuclear Energy ## ENSP 330, Lecture 12, Nuclear Energy **Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University** **08 Sept 2015** ## Plan - Intro (15 min) - Project Brainstorming (30 min) - Lecture (45 min) ## Announcements - Oct 1st Engineering Science Colloquium Daniel Soto 4:30pm Salazar 2009A - Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search - Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation ## Midterm - 15 Oct 2015 - In-Class - One page front and back notes allowed - Closed internet ## Activity <!-- you have the analytical skills to make estimates now --> - in random groups, discuss possible research topics ## Learning Objectives - You will understand basic physics of nuclear power - You will understand the basic environmental and health implications of nuclear power - You will evaluate arguments for or against nuclear power ## Nuclear energy - Nuclear energy used for electricity - Very similar to fossil fuel plants - Subject to second law of thermodynamics <!-- link to other concepts - second law of thermodynamics - heat engine - inital cost, recurring cost, fuel cost - capacity factor --> ## Fusion vs Fission - Fusion joins atomic nuclei - Sun is a fusion reaction - Fission splits atomic nuclei - Nuclear energy is a fission reaction ## Fission  ## Electronic vs Nuclear Energy Levels - Mass Energy Equivalence - $E = mc^2$ - The very high binding energy in the nucleus allows for small amounts of fuel to release large amounts of energy - 3 million times more electricity per kg than coal ## Nuclear Decay - Elements become other elements (the goal of alchemists) - Iron most stable ## Nuclear Fuel ## Uranium Metal  ## Uranium Mine  ## Uranium Ore  ## Uranium Yellowcake  ## Nuclear Fuel Rods  ## Nuclear Reactor Core  ## Nuclear Reactor Diagram  ## Nuclear Waste Disposal ## Half Life - Definition - Relation to carbon dating - Relevance to end of life - Plutonium 239 half life of 2400 years ## Half Life  ## Water Fuel Storage  ## Above Ground Fuel Storage  ## Electricity Death Rates $$ \textrm{Death Rate} = \frac {\textrm{Number of Deaths}} {\textrm{Electrical Energy Delivered}}

Electricity Death Rates

Source	Deaths per TWh
Coal	161
Solar	0.44
Nuclear	0.04

Source: nextbigfuture.com based on WHO data

Nuclear energy

• Over 430 nuclear reactors

• 370 GW of capacity

• 70 reactors under construction

• About 10% of world electricity production

Nuclear Electricity Production

Nuclear Installed Capacity

Capacity vs Delivered Electricity

• US Nuclear Capacity

• US Nuclear Energy Production

Lifetime cost of nuclear electricity

• Cost is seen as a key weakness for nuclear electricity

• Plant construction

• Fixed operation and maintenance

• Variable operation and maintenance

• Decommissioning cost

• Waste disposal

Lifetime cost of nuclear electricity

• cost of construction 83.4 USD/MWh

• fixed operation and maintenance 11.6 USD/MWh

• variable operation and maintenance (fuel) 12.3 USD/MWh

• total 108.4 USD/MWh

• compare to coal (65.7, 4.1, 29.2, 100.1)

• compare to natural gas (17.4, 2.0, 45.0, 67.1)

Nuclear mining toxicity

• Some evidence that uranium mining causes harm to persons living nearby

Lecture 13, Hydropower

ENSP 330, Lecture 13, Hydropower

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

06 Oct 2015

Plan

• Intro

• Discussion of Project Topics

• Hydropower and Wind

Deadlines

Learning Objectives

• Recognize basic physics of hydropower and wind

• Understand environmental issues associated with hydropower and wind

Energy basics

• We use the simplest model for the water as a mass at a height or

  elevation

• A mass $m$ lifted to a high $h$ has a stored gravitational potential

  energy of

  $PE = mgh$
• PE is in joules if mass is in kilograms, g = 9.8 m/s^2^ and the height

  is in meters

Power

• How do we convert this to a power?

  $energy = mgh$

  $\frac{energy}{time} = \frac{mgh}{time}$

  $power = \frac{m}{time} gh$

  $power = flow \cdot gh$
• To get flow in mass per time we convert from volume per time

Hydropower is significant world wide

• http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.7

• 2010 Hydropower 15.9% of world wide electricity

• Coal 40.5%, Nuclear 12.8%

• Largest power station in the world is hydroelectric

Three Gorges

• Largest power plant in the world

• Displaced millions of people

• 22 GW power continuous

• NYC requires 10 GW of power

Three Gorges

Three Gorges Satellite

Grand Coulee

• Largest hydroelectric installation in US

• 6.8 GW capacity

• 21 Billion kWh annual energy delivered

Hydropower similarities to fossil generation

• Uses spinning generators just like combustion plant

• Doesn't use heat, unlike combustion plant

Ancient Power Technology

• Waterwheels have been used for centuries

• Modern hydropower technology has added large scale dams

Types

• Run of river

• Dams

Building a dam

• What is the effect of a dam?

• How does the dam affect the overall flow of water?

Climate change

• Initial increase in methane emissions

Advantages

• Once built, very cheap power

• Reliable technology

• Can be used as storage

Disadvantages

• Environmental impacts

• Seasonal variation

• Water flow

• Fish migration

• Sedimentation

• Increased seismic activity

• Risk of dam failure

Hydropower

Hydropower

Hydropower

Hydropower similarities to fossil generation

• Uses spinning generators just like combustion plant

• Doesn't use heat, unlike combustion plant

Hydropower turbines

Hoover Dam

Hoover Dam

Scalability

• Hydropower can be produced at small scale

Small Scale Hydropower

Tidal Energy

• Tides caused by the moon's gravity

• Causes a daily flow of water

Tidal power

Wave Energy

• Waves are driven by the wind (which is driven by the sun)

• Uses the rise and fall of wave crests to create energy

Activity Objective

• You will gain practice with energy conversions and estimations

Gasoline and car height

We want to compare the chemical energy in a gallon of gasoline to the potential energy of lifting a car?

Units

• What are the units of the energy = mgh formula if we use kilograms, g=10

  m/sec, and h in meters?

Gravitational energy

If that energy were totally converted into the gravitational potential energy of the car, how high could you lift the car? A Honda Civic has a weight of about 1100 kg.

Solution

$PE = mgh = 120 MJ = 1100kg \cdot 9.8 m/sec^2 \cdot h$ $h = 120 MJ / 1100 kg / 9.8 = 11.0 km$

Lecture 14, Wind Power

ENSP 330, Lecture 14, Wind

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

08 Oct 2015

Announcements

• Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

Deadlines

• Midterm next Thursday 15 Oct 2015

• Review session in class Tuesday

Learning Objectives

• You will understand physics and environmental basics of wind

• You will know how to find out more about wind power

Wind map

• Real time wind map

History

• We have been harnessing wind since ancient times

• Sailboats

• Windmills

• American West

• Modern wind turbines

Wind Energy

• Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy

• Wind energy is the conversion of solar radiation to kinetic energy

Kinetic Energy

A mass $m$ traveling at a speed $v$ has a kinetic energy

$\frac{1}{2} m v^2$

Note the units $\frac {kg \cdot meter^2}{sec^2} = 1\ Joule$

Fan Law

$Power = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3$

• $\rho$ density of air (kg per cubic meter)

• $A$ swept area of wind turbine (square meters)

• $v$ velocity of the air (meters per second)

• Power is in watts

Air density

• How much does the air weigh?

• About 1.2 kg per cubic meter

• Varies with altitude

• Varies with temperature

Wind speed variation with height

• Boundary layer friction

• This is turbulence caused by the ground, trees, or buildings

Air density

Hotter air is less dense

Temperature (degrees Celsius)	Density (kg per cubic meter)
0	1.29
15	1.23
30	1.17

Vestas Website

Vestas, Turbine Manufacturer

Similarities and differences

• What similarities does wind share with other generation?

• Spinning electromagnetic generators

• No heat engine or fluid

Global Wind Capacity

Capacity by Country

Environmental impacts

• What are the impacts?

• Carbon emissions only during manufacture and installation

• No significant water impact

• Visual impacts?

Wildlife impacts

• Birds and bats can strike the blades and be killed

• How can we reduce deaths?

Custom microturbine

Custom microturbine

Wind turbine electronics

Lecture 15

ENSP 330, Lecture 15, Midterm Review

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Plan

• Review project topics

• Review for Midterm

Announcements

• Oct 8th 1-3pm Open Forum Presidential Search

• Oct 15th 12-2 SSU Finance Audit Presentation

Deadlines

• Oct 22nd Project Outlines

Learning Objectives

• Determine important concepts from semester

Midterm format

• Quantitative questions

• Concepts and energy examples

Syllabus

• Introduction and Overview arguments

• History of energy

• Scientific Notation

• Calculation

• Energy Units and Estimations

• Energy and Power

• Thermodynamics

• Carbon (Critters and Combustion)

• Energy and Economics

• Common property

• Fossil Fuel

• Nuclear Energy

• Hydropower

• Wind

List of concepts

• Estimations

• Proportionality

• Energy and Power

• Kinetic Energy

• Potential Energy

• Chemical Energy

• Combustion

• Photosynthesis

• Amount of energy

• Carbon emitted

• Efficiency

• First law of thermodynamics

• Second law of thermodynamics

• Fossil fuel uses

• Nuclear energy uses

List of concepts

• Externalities

• Commons

• Prisoner's Dilemma

• Market Response Function

• Supply and Demand

• Gross Domestic Product

• Coase Theorem

• Individualism and Collectivism

• Carbon Tax

• Cap and Trade

Lecture 16

ENSP 330, Lecture 16, Midterm

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Lecture 17, Asking Questions

ENSP 330, Lecture 17, Asking Questions

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Plan

• Discuss projects

• Determine intellectual direction for remainder of course

Announcements

• Sustainability Day tomorrow

• Attend a talk and show how concepts in this class are related

Deadlines

• Thursday teams and outlines for projects

• Link on the main spreadsheet

Learning Objectives

• Improve inquiry skills

Concepts

Transportation

• What do you want to know

Buildings

• What do you want to know

Electricity

• What do you want to know

Agriculture

• What do you want to know

Climate

• What do you want to know

Lecture 18, Asking Questions

ENSP 330, Lecture 18, Asking Questions

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Plan

• Sustainability Day Wrapup

• Questions for Transportation

  • Teams of three, turn in at end of class

David Orr

• "Getting to Montana"

Geof Syphers

• "Nothing is good"

Announcements

• Oct 26th SOURCE Awards Undergraduate Research/Creative Project Grant Program application due

  • http://www.sonoma.edu/source/grants/student.html

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

• Internship postings

• Deadlines for summer programs and fall programs starting soon

Deadlines

• Thu 29 Oct outline reviews

Learning Objectives

• Improve your inquiry skills

Asking questions

• How can you get specific and quantitative?

• What two things are you comparing?

• Do you have any hidden assumptions or values?

• Are you clear about the costs and benefits?

• Where will you find the answers?

Recommended reading

• Chaffee, Thinking Critically

• Browne and Keeley, Asking the Right Questions

Lecture 19, Transportation

ENSP 330, Lecture 19, Transportation

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Announcements

• Oct 30th ENSP application due

• Dec 4th UC Berkeley Energy Resources Group grad school application

• Jan 15th CSU Humboldt Energy Technology and Policy grad school application

• Internship postings

• Summer programs looking now

• Looking for TAs for next semester and year classes

  • ENSP 202 Quantitative Methods

  • ENSP 430 Energy Forum

  • ENSP 437 Passive Solar Design

  • preparation for ENSP 439L Computer Applications in EMD (Spring 2017)

Deadlines

• Outline feedback due Thursday

  • Sign up for a project online

• First draft due

Learning Objective

• Find information about a topic of interest

Concepts

• Conserved cost of energy

• Carbon emitted per passenger mile

• Transportation emissions

• CAFE standards

Conserved cost of energy

$CCE = \frac{\textrm{initial cost difference}} {\textrm{annual energy savings}}$

Transportation Emissions Inventory

• Estimate the emissions from your travel

• We will turn in on Thursday

Passenger mile

• What is the miles per gallon of a typical car?

• What if there are two people in the car?

Fraction of emissions in each sector

• How can we find this?

• Who is likely to publish?

Impact of Electric Cars

Impact of Autonomous Cars

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency

How do we encourage more fuel efficient vehicles?

Lecture 20, Transportation

ENSP 330, Lecture 20, Transportation

Professor Daniel Soto, Sonoma State University

Announcements

Optional Homework Assignments

• Propose a problem of comparable relevance and complexity to the

  homework

• If approved, you may submit for grading and receive a homework point

Deadlines

• Tonight outline feedback

Learning Objectives

• Create rough estimates of carbon emissions

Transportation Inventory

• How many miles per year do you travel by each mode of transport?

• What is the carbon intensity per mile for each of your modes?

• What is the total carbon emitted per year for all your transport?

• How does that compare to the current global average?

• How does that compare to where we need to get to?

Next topic

• Energy and Agriculture

• What do you want to learn about?

Lecture 21, Agriculture

Announcements

• PSYCH 494 1 unit 10 counseling sessions

• Internships

• Dec 1st California Rare Fruit Growers $1K scholarship

• Nov 13th Advancing Women In Transportation

• Nov 18th Noon Carson 14, Association of Environmental Professionals

  Club Meeting

News

• Traffic Fatalities

• More VW Skulduggery

Deadlines

• First draft due this Thursday night

Review

• Transportation carbon inventories

Activity

• What is your yearly carbon dioxide emissions associated with food?

• How will you make this estimate?

Brainstorming

• Where is energy consumed in our food system?

Lecture 22, Agriculture

Plan

• follow up on agriculture calcs

• quiz time

• project time

Lecture 22, Agriculture

Announcements

• Internships

• Nov 13th Advancing Women In Transportation

• Nov 18th Noon Carson 14, Association of Environmental Professionals

  Club Meeting

Deadlines

• Project First Drafts by midnight tonight

Review

• Food Carbon Inventories

• Food waste to energy

Quiz

Project Session

Lecture 23, Buildings

Plan

Announcements

Energy in the News

Rational Middle

http://rationalmiddle.com/movie/squeezing-the-watt-conservation-and-efficiency/

RMI Tour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhINy7Myak8

Conservation

• Behavior

Efficiency

• Technology

Building Energy

• What improvements to energy use for campus buildings

Lecture 24, Buildings

Lecture 24, Buildings

Announcements

• Nov 13th Advancing Women In Transportation

• Dec 1st California Rare Fruit Growers $1K scholarship

• Shahzeen Attari position on human behavior and resource use

Deadlines

• First draft feedback tonight

• Dec 1 Final Report

Energy Inventory

• Add up the energy you use in your house and calculate the carbon

  output over a year

• What do we include?

• Where do we get data?

Units

• kWh energy

• 1 kWh is a 1 kW device used for 1 hour

• Energy equals power times time

Lecture 25, Conserved Cost of Energy

Energy in the news

• Syrian conflict and climate change

• ISIS and airstrikes to attack petroleum income

• Reports of petroleum theft in the US

Central question

• How much does something cost per unit of use?

• What does your car cost per mile?

• What does your phone cost per minute of use?

Central question

• Which is cheaper, buying a more efficient product or paying the extra

  energy?

• How does this answer change if we add a carbon tax?

Cost of conserved energy

• How much does it cost to save energy?

• You can purchase energy

• You can purchase a device that "buys" you that energy

Conserved Cost of Energy

• Has dimensions of cost per unit of energy

  $$ CCE = \frac{\textrm{Investment}}{\textrm{Energy Savings}}

  $$

Conserved Cost of Energy

• For long term investments, we do this for a year at a time

  $$ CCE = \frac{\textrm{Annual Investment}}{\textrm{Annual Energy Savings}}

  $$

Cost of avoided carbon

• Allows you to calculate the value of an investment as the cost per

  amount of carbon not emitted

• Allows comparison with the current market price of carbon

$$ CCE = \frac{\textrm{Investment}}{\textrm{Carbon Savings}}

$$

Energy Savings

• Avoided electricity

  

Lifetime Energy

• Most energy devices (lights, cars) have both recurring energy costs

  and initial energy costs

• Recurring energy: electricity to emit light or gasoline to drive

• Initial energy: energy to manufacture the bulb or the car

Levelized energy use

• We can estimate the energy per unit of light or mile driven by

• Adding energy over the life of the device

• Dividing the energy by the amount of use over the device

• Dimensions of energy per unit of use (hours light, miles driven)

Lecture 26, Thu 19 Nov 2015, Project Session

Announcements

• Passenger Travel Dominates

• EPA adding on-road emissions testing

Deadlines

• Projects due Dec 1st

• Presentations Dec 3rd and Dec 8th

Project updates

• Please summarize your projects

• What information do you still need to gather?

• How can we help you gather it?

• Would the incorporation of levelized costs techniques help your

  project?

Lecture 27, Global Energy Policy

Discussion

• Read the

  article

• We will then discuss some questions

Concepts

• Climate change

• Carbon concentration in the atmosphere

• Business as usual

• Carbon wedges

Bathtub model of carbon flows

CMI Princeton

Bathtub model of carbon stocks

CMI Princeton

Carbon dioxide stabilization

Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art

Carbon Emissions Trajectories

Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1A

Simplified Trajectories

Pacala and Socolow, Figure 1B

Carbon levels

Time period	Carbon concentration (ppm)
Preindustrial	280
2004	375
2014	400

We hope to remain under 500 ppm to avoid serious disruption.

Carbon rates

• 7 billion tons of carbon per year

• (7 GtC/year)

What is Business as Usual (BAU)?

• Prediction by using historical rates

• 1.5% annual emissions growth

Wedges

A wedge is a technology that reduces emissions by 1 GtC/year within 50 years.

What are the units of area of a wedge?

How do we calculate if a wedge is feasible?

• We can create a sample wedge from the conversion of all coal plants to

  natural gas

• How do we calculate the reduction in emissions from this change?

Pacala and Socolow

• Authors demonstrate solving climate problem with existing technologies

• Hoping to settle debate on whether current technologies are sufficient

• This is clearly stated in the introduction

Pacala and Socolow

• What carbon level do the authors want us to stay under?

• Describe a wedge in your own words

• Which of the wedges suggested is most appealing to you and why?

• This paper is ten years old now, are there any new wedges we could

  add?

Levels vs rates of emissions

• Bathtub model

• Stocks and flows

• Flow is the bathtub faucet (and drain)

• Stocks is the level of the bathtub water

Remaining carbon budget

• To stay below a given climate target, we can only emit a given amount

  of CO~2~

• How do we allocate the remaining carbon emissions among countries?

• What constraints to these emissions place on economic growth?

Rio Earth Summit, 1992

• Negotiated the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

  (UNFCCC)

Kyoto Protocol, 1997

• Adopted at the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP 3)

• China and India not required to cut

• US did not ratify the treaty

• Burden of emissions reductions placed on developed countries

Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, 2009

• 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15)

• Viewed as a disappointment by many

Paris, 2015

• 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21)

• Goal of limiting average temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius

  above preindustrial levels

Montreal Protocol, 1987

• International agreement to reduce Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other

  ozone damaging chemicals

• Provides an example of a world wide emissions reduction treaty

California

• Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32)

  • Reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020

  • 1990 was 427 million metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent

California 2050 goal

• 80% reduction below 1990 levels

How do we achieve this goals?

• What can we do on a county or state level?

Lecture 28, Global Energy Access, 1 Dec 2015

Announcements

• Signups for presentations

• Signups for exams

• Student Evaluations of Teaching Effectiveness (SETE) are out

Energy News

• COP 21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

Learning objectives

• Exposure to energy access issues around the world

Big problems

• Energy Access is not universal

• 20% of the world population lives without electricity

• 40% of without modern cooking fuels

Big opportunities

• These people spend billions of dollars on substitutes for electricity

• Better technologies could be sold profitably while lowering costs to consumers

• Electrification means connection to the internet

It's Hard Out Here for a Polar Bear

Electricity

Studying by lantern

Traveling to areas with power

Connections to disasters

Fuel based lighting disadvantages

• Fuel-based lighting is expensive

• Danger of fire, poisoning, or smoke inhalation

• Poor quality light

Cell phone charging

• Consumers travel miles to charge cell phones

• Cell phone charging costs much more than the value of the electricity

• Cell phones kept off to save battery for necessary calls

Cooking

Biomass disadvantages

• Hours of time and effort spend gathering wood and biomass

• Women sometimes face risk of violence while gathering wood

Traditional cooking creates smoke

Smoke kills more than Malaria

Solutions

Travel to cell phone business

Travel with batteries

Solar home systems

Solar home system training

Solar home system training

These programs are successful but need to go further

These programs are successful but need to go further

Modern Biomass Cookstoves

d.Light, greenlight planet

• American ventures using solar technology to bring clean affordable light in areas

  without energy access

Solar lantern

Solar lantern

Darfur Stoves Project

• Started at Berkeley to reduce wood use and the dangers to women from

  looking for wood.

Modern Biomass Cookstoves

Innoafrica

• Company moving Israeli innovation in solar and irrigation into African markets

Electrify Africa Act

• US Legislation to provide investment in Energy Access for Africa.

• Controversy exists over the inclusion of fossil fuels in the

  investments.

• One dot Org Article

Research

• What is the best way to bring energy while preserving human and environmental health?

• How do we know how much energy people will need?

Discussions and issues

• Balancing climate and access

• Autonomy and self-direction in poor areas

• Representations of poverty

• Charity or business opportunity?

Videos

• Practical Action

• Jigar Shah TEDx Energy Access Talk

• Gisele Bundesen visits Kibera

Lecture 29, Presentations 3 Dec 2015

Lecture 30, Presentations, 8 Dec 2015

Announcements

• Please fill out the SETE

• Be sure and bring power adapters to final

• Sign up for finals teams

• Get ready for review

• Agro-ecology

• Quantitative Methods

Lecture 31, Review, 10 Dec 2015

Announcements

• Please fill out the SETE

• Be sure and bring power adapters to final

Final Exam

• Tuesday, 15 Dec 2015, 11 am - 12:50 pm

Learning goals

• Lifetime energy literacy and engagement in substantive policy debates

• Ability to make plausible quantitative estimations

• Confidence tackling ambiguous problems

Big points

• Transitioning to a sustainable energy system is the defining challenge

  of our time

• To do this we must be fearless in the pursuit of experiments and

  evidence

• Cash for Clunkers Model

Self-Evaluation

• What did you learn by doing the projects?

Self-Evaluation

• What are you able to do now that you weren't at the beginning of the

  semester?

Self-Evaluation

• What will you remember five years from now?

Self-Evaluation

• What behaviors were most and least beneficial for your learning?

Self-Evaluation

• What do you think is the most important thing you learned in this class?

Topics

• History of Energy

• Calculation and Scientific Notation

• Estimations

• Energy and Power

• Thermodynamics

• Carbon, Combustion, Photosynthesis

• Energy and Society

• Fossil Fuel

• Nuclear Energy

• Hydropower

• Wind

Topics

• Transportation

• Agriculture

• Buildings

• Life Cycle Analysis

• Global Energy Policy and Access

• Presentations